Table 3.

Group Effect, Mean Z-scores and Standard Deviations of the Retrospective Analysis of Preliteracy and Literacy Skills Comparing Poor Decoders and Poor Oral Comprehenders Identified in Grade 4 Using a More Strict Criteria for Group Selection

	Poor decoders	Poor oral comprehenders
Assessment	M (SD)	M (SD)	F(1,77)	Cohen’s D
Phonological Awareness
Preschool	−.19(.67)	−.72(.68)	11.90**	.78
Kindergarten	−.55(.78)	−.39(.87)	.73	.18
1st grade	−.60(.75)	−.10(.91)	6.78*	.54
2nd grade	−.67(.70)	−.18(.94)	6.78*	.52
4th grade	−.74(.72)	.08(.83)	21.33**	.79
Print knowledge
Preschool	−.35(.82)	−.68(1.02)	2.25	.32
RAN
Preschool	−.32(.83)	.09(.90)	4.42*	.46
Kindergarten	−.64(.93)	−.09(.89)	12.36**	.59
1st grade	−.61(.92)	.44(.46)	41.57**	1.14
4th grade	−.78(1.05)	.54(.72)	43.83**	1.25
Grammar
Preschool	.01(.91)	−.94(.92)	21.10**	1.03
Kindergarten	.18(.77)	−1.07(.92)	40.41**	1.36
Vocabulary
Preschool	.11(.65)	−1.22(.94)	51.38**	1.41
2nd grade	.33(.66)	−1.27(.84)	84.89**	1.90
4th grade gs	.48(.45)	−1.42(.61)	240.61**	3.11
Verbal Memory.
Preschool	−.35(.93)	−.80(.80)	5.40*	.48
1st grade	−.22(.98)	−.85(.80)	9.80**	.64
Decoding
Kindergarten	−.53(.35)	−.24(.61)	6.29*	.48
1st grade	−1.09(.38)	.24(.74)	95.43**	1.80
2nd grade	−1.37(.54)	.31(1.02)	158.31**	1.65
4th gradegs	−1.40(.50)	.53(.47)	314.60**	3.86
Spelling
Kindergarten	−.64(1.07)	−.30(1.10)	1.93	.31
1st grade	−.79(.53)	.03(.85)	25.52**	.96
2nd grade	−1.01(.57)	.22(.67)	76.29**	1.84
4th grade	−1.25(.49)	.19(.56)	146.37**	2.57
Reading comprehension.
1st grade	−1.02(.77)	−.05(.73)	32.05**	1.26
2nd grade	−1.06(.85)	−.11(.63)	31.80**	1.12
4th grade	−.79(.78)	−.36(.50)	8.53**	.55
Listening comprehension
4th gradegs	.39(.61)	−1.34(.65)	145.85**	2.66

Note.

^gsvariables used for group selection.

^*p<.05.

^**p<.01.