Table 5.
Group effect, Mean Z-scores and Standard Deviations of the Prospective Analysis Comparing At-Risk Poor Decoders and At-Risk Poor Comprehenders Identified in Preschool
| At-risk poor decoders |
At-risk poor oral comprehenders |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment | M (SD) | M (SD) | F(1,169) | Cohen’s D |
| RAN | ||||
| Preschoolgs | −1.74(.62) | .12(60) | 396.33** | 3 |
| Kindergarten | −.92(1.01) | −.04(.77) | 41.2** | .87 |
| 1st grade | −.65(.99) | .00(.78) | 22.66** | .66 |
| 4th grade | −.73(1.16) | .08(.88) | 26.78** | .70 |
| Vocabulary | ||||
| Preschoolgs | .07(.61) | −1.62(.56) | 352.03** | 2.64 |
| 2nd grade | −.09(.86) | −.82(1.05) | 24.89** | .70 |
| 4th grade | −.05(.84) | −.83(1.07) | 28.86** | .73 |
| Decoding | ||||
| Kindergarten | −.41(.57) | −.40(.65) | .01 | .02 |
| 1st grade | −.54(.77) | −.24(.95) | 5.11* | .32 |
| 2nd grade | −.59(.96) | −.19(.88) | 8.28** | .42 |
| 4th grade | −.56(.95) | −.09(.93) | 10.65** | .49 |
| Spelling | ||||
| Kindergarten | −.35(1.05) | −.50(1.06) | .84 | .14 |
| 1st grade | −.38(.89) | −.31(.89) | .25 | .07 |
| 2nd grade | −.45(.90) | −.19(.96) | 3.55 | .27 |
| 4th grade | −.49(.99) | −.19(.92) | 4.18* | .30 |
| Reading comprehension | ||||
| 1st grade | −.43(.98) | −.43(.98) | .00 | 0 |
| 2nd grade | −.41(1.06) | −.23(.92) | 1.31 | .17 |
| 4th grade | −.31(.96) | −.55(.87) | 2.81 | .25 |
| Listening comprehension | ||||
| 4th grade | −.06(.95) | −.78(.99) | 23.70** | .72 |
Note.
gs
variables used for group selection.
*
p<.05.
**
p<.01