Table 4.
Percent increase in fasting glucose and insulin levels and HOMA-IR per 1 SD (95% CI) increase in total abdominal, paraspinal and psoas intermuscular adipose tissue
| Mean | SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Abdominal Muscle IMAT Volume * | 15.8 cm3 | 6.0 cm3 | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR |
| Model 1 | 2.2 c (0.9, 3.6) | 23.7 d (15.6, 31.7) | 25.7 d (17.0, 34.4) | ||
| Model 2 | 2.3 c (0.90, 3.7) | 23.7 d (15.7, 31.6) | 25.7d (17.1, 34.4) | ||
| Model 3 | 1.4 (−0.09, 2.9) | 14.5 c (61.1, 22.8) | 15.8 c (6.7, 24.9) | ||
| Model 4 | 0.67 (−0.80, 2.2) | 11.6 b (3.3, 19.9) | 12.0 b (3.0, 21.0) | ||
| Model 5 | 0.5 (−0.99, 2.0) | 8.7 a (0.35, 17.3) | 9.1 a (0.01, 18.2) | ||
| Model 6 | 1.7 (0.26, 3.1) a | 18.3 d (10.1, 26.4) | 20.0 d (11.1, 28.8) | ||
|
| |||||
| Paraspinal IMAT Volume** | 6.6 cm3 | 2.7 cm3 | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR |
|
| |||||
| Model 1 | 0.36 (−0.7, 1.4) | 3.5 (−3.1, 10.1) | 3.7 (−3.5, 10.9) | ||
| Model 2 | 0.36 (−0.7, 1.5) | 4.1 (−2.4, 10.6) | 4.2 (−2.9, 11.3) | ||
| Model 3 | −0.12 (−1.2, 0.98) | −0.64 (−6.9, 5.6) | −0.92 (−7.7, 5.9) | ||
| Model 4 | −0.41 (−1.5, 0.7) | −2.2 (−8.3, 3.9) | −2.8 (−9.4, 3.8) | ||
| Model 5 | −0.46 (−1.5, 0.62) | −3.0 (−9.1, 3.0) | −3.7 (−10.2, 2.9) | ||
| Model 6 | 0.10 (−0.99, 1.2) | 1.7 (−4.6, 8.0) | 1.6 (−5.2, 8.5) | ||
|
| |||||
| Psoas IMAT Volume*** | 1.1 cm3 | 0.9 cm3 | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR |
|
| |||||
| Model 1 | 2.3 b (0.7, 3.8) | 30.4 d (21.4, 39.5) | 33.1 d (23.3, 42.9) | ||
| Model 2 | 2.4 b (0.8, 3.9) | 28.9 d (19.9, 38.0) | 31.7 d (21.8, 41.5) | ||
| Model 3 | 1.5 (−0.2, 3.1) | 19.9 d (10.7, 29.2) | 21.9 d (11.8, 32.0) | ||
| Model 4 | 1.1 (−0.5, 2.7) | 19.2 d (10.4, 28.1) | 22.0 d (11.1, 30.3) | ||
| Model 5 | 0.96 (−0.7, 2.6) | 16.4 c (7.3, 25.5) | 17.9 c (8.1, 27.7) | ||
| Model 6 | 1.8 a (0.2, 3.4) | 23.9 d (14.9, 33.0) | 26.3 d (16.4, 36.2) | ||
Bold indicates p < 0.05
a
p <0.05;
b
p <=0.01;
c
p<=0.001;
d
p<=0.0001
Model 1 (basic model) = adjusted for age, study site, height and skeletal muscle volume (*abdominal, **paraspinal or ***psoas)
Model 2=model 1 + PASE score, current smoking, current alcohol intake ≥ 14 drinks/week
Model 3= model 2 + DXA total body fat
Model 4=model 2+ visceral AT
Model 5= model 2 + visceral AT + DXA total body fat
Model 6 =model 2+ subcutaneous AT