Table 5.

Role of genetic and environmental influences on the three parenting dimensions

	n	Correlation		Variance (95 % CI)
		MZ	DZ	a2	c2	e2
Coldness
Mother
Twin as informant	2,429	0.37	0.24	0.30 (0.09–0.45)	0.09 (0.00–0.26)	0.62 (0.55–0.69)
Co-twin as informant	2,451	0.37	0.21	0.35 (0.14–0.44)	0.03 (0.00–0.21)	0.62 (0.56–0.69)
Averagea	2,395	0.39	0.27	0.27 (0.06–0.46)	0.13 (0.00–0.31)	0.60 (0.54–0.67)
Father
Twin as informant	2,372	0.46	0.38	0.18 (0.00–0.38)	0.29 (0.14–0.45)	0.53 (0.60–0.75)
Co-twin as informant	2,351	0.46	0.34	0.25 (0.05–0.46)	0.22 (0.03–0.39)	0.53 (0.47–0.60)
Averagea	2,333	0.49	0.41	0.18 (0.00–0.38)	0.32 (0.14–0.47)	0.50 (0.44–0.56)
Protectiveness
Mother
Twin as informant	2,430	0.34	0.27	0.07 (0.00–0.30)	0.26 (0.06–0.37)	0.67 (0.61–0.73)
Co-twin as informant	2,396	0.33	0.17	0.30 (0.06–0.39)	0.03 (0.00–0.23)	0.68 (0.61–0.75)
Averagea	2,383	0.37	0.26	0.14 (0.00–0.37)	0.22 (0.01–0.38)	0.64 (0.58–0.71)
Father
Twin as informant	2,367	0.32	0.25	0.08 (0.00–0.32)	0.23 (0.02–0.35)	0.68 (0.62–0.75)
Co-twin as informant	2,331	0.31	0.12	0.32 (0.11–0.38)	0.00 (0.00–0.17)	0.68 (0.62–0.76)
Averagea	2,311	0.38	0.24	0.22 (0.00–0.43)	0.15 (0.00–0.36)	0.62 (0.56–0.69)
Authoritarianism
Mother
Twin as informant	2,433	0.32	0.11	0.31 (0.14–0.37)	0.00 (0.00–0.14)	0.69 (0.63–0.76)
Co-twin as informant	2,400	0.32	0.13	0.31 (0.11–0.38)	0.00 (0.00–0.17)	0.69 (0.62–0.75)
Averagea	2.390	0.37	0.15	0.36 (0.17–0.42)	0.00 (0.00–0.17)	0.64 (0.58–0.71)
Father
Twin as informant	2,377	0.27	0.22	0.09 (0.00–0.32)	0.18 (0.00–0.31)	0.73 (0.66–0.80)
Co-twin as informant	2,334	0.32	0.16	0.32 (0.08–0.39)	0.00 (0.00–0.21)	0.68 (0.61–0.75)
Averagea	2,316	0.35	0.22	0.24 (0.00–0.42)	0.12 (0.00–0.32)	0.64 (0.58–0.72)

MZ monozygotic twin, DZ dizygotic twin, CI confidence intervals

a², additive genetic factors; c², shared environmental factors; e², non-shared environmental factors

^aAver age: Averaged values of parenting reported by twins themselves and their co-twins as informants