Figure 2.

Differentially regulated biological pathways in response to HFrD and protective effects of grape PP supplementation on fructose-induced alterations of mitochondrial genes and a major transcription factor of mitochondrial biogenesis. A: Analysis of the 277 differentially regulated probes in response to fructose load between both groups was performed with Babelomics (http://babelomics.bioinfo.cipf.es/index.html). Only biological processes with adjusted P value <0.05 and fold enrichment >2 are displayed. Change in mRNA levels of skeletal muscle CKMT2 (B), CPT1B (C), and UCP3 (D) and regulation of PGC-1α mRNA (E), expressed by reference to hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mRNA abundance, at baseline (white bars), after 8 weeks of PCB or grape PP supplementation (gray bars), and after 6 days of HFrD with PCB/PP supplementations (black bars). Transcript levels were measured by reverse transcriptase–quantitative PCR as described in research design and methods (11 PCB and 12 PP). *P < 0.05 for statistical pre- and postintervention comparisons within each group via the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test; Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons. Data are means ± SEM. AU, arbitrary units.