Table 1.

Effect estimates used in PM_2.5 health burden analysis

Health effect	Outcome definitions	Age group	Exposure metric	Effect estimate	Study location	Source of effect estimate
Premature mortality	All ICD10-coded underlying causes of death	30 and above	Annual average	Relative risk of 1.056 per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, model adjusted for seven ecological covariates.	USA, 116 cities	Krewski et al. (2009)
Emergency department visits—asthma	ICD-9:493	All ages	Daily 24-h average	Relative risk of 1.23 (warm season) and 1.04 (cold season) per 25.4 and 21.7 μg/m3 respective increase in PM2.5	New York City	Ito et al. (2007)
Hospital admissions—all cardiovascular causes	Outcomes listed as “emergency” or “urgent” as the sum of ICD-9: 402, 410, 414, 427, 428, and 430	40 and above	Daily 24-h average	0.8 % (Warm season) and 1.1 % (cold season) increase in daily cardiovascular disease hospitalizations per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5	New York City	Ito et al. (2010)
Hospital admissions—all respiratory causes	ICD-9: 490-448	20–64 Years	Daily 24-h average	2.2 % Increase in daily chronic respiratory disease hospitalizations per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5	Los Angeles, CA	Moolgavkar (2000)
	ICD-9: 460–519 (cases admitted from the emergency room)	65 and above	Daily 24-h average	1.79 % (Winter), 4.34 % (spring), 1.26 % (summer), 1.52 % (autumn) increase in respiratory disease hospitalizations per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5	26 US communities	Zanobetti et al. (2009)