Table 5.

Associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status with the likelihood of heavy sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among consumers

Age Groupa	Total SSB	Regular Soda	Fruit Drinks
	OR(SE), [95%CI]	OR(SE), [95%CI]	OR(SE), [95%CI]
Children
Black	0.73 (0.14) [0.51,1.07]	0.41 (0.16) [0.19,0.91]*	1.71 (0.43) [1.04,2.80]*
Hispanic	0.45 (0.12) [0.27,0.76]*	0.16 (0.06) [0.08,0.32]*	1.09 (0.36) [0.57,2.09]
Other race	0.51 (0.19) [0.24,1.06]	0.90 (0.65) [0.21,3.78]	1.08 (0.68) [0.31,3.80]
Low education	1.21 (0.23) [0.83,1.77]	1.44 (0.55) [0.67,3.07]	0.69 (0.21) [0.38,1.25]
Low income	1.93 (0.59) [1.05,3.56]*	1.77 (0.97) [0.59,5.27]	1.76 (0.91) [0.63,4.92]
Middle income	1.79 (0.50) [1.03,3.13]*	1.26 (0.68) [0.43,3.67]	2.00 (1.03) [0.71,5.58]
	N=6,398	N=3,959	N=3,871
Adolescents
Black	0.74 (0.07) [0.62,0.89]*	0.51 (0.07) [0.39,0.67]*	1.67 (0.36) [1.08,2.58]*
Hispanic	0.73 (0.09) [0.57,0.93]*	0.68 (0.11) [0.49,0.94]*	1.38 (0.32) [0.87,2.21]
Other race	0.79 (0.14) [0.56,1.12]	0.76 (0.15) [0.51,1.13]	1.39 (0.56) [0.62,3.12]
Low education	1.28 (0.10) [1.10,1.50]*	1.18 (0.15) [0.91,1.51]	1.20 (0.24) [0.80,1.80]
Low income	1.03 (0.12) [0.81,1.30]	1.15 (0.19) [0.82,1.61]	0.85 (0.26) [0.47,1.55]
Middle income	0.88 (0.10) [0.71,1.10]	0.84 (0.11) [0.65,1.08]	0.75 (0.20) [0.45,1.28]
	N=7,533	N=5,726	N=3,179
Young adults
Black	0.77 (0.09) [0.60,0.97]*	0.44 (0.07) [0.33,0.60]*	1.63 (0.42) [0.98,2.71]
Hispanic	0.4 (0.06) [0.30,0.55]*	0.27 (0.05) [0.19,0.39]*	1.00 (0.33) [0.52,1.92]
Other race	0.47 (0.12) [0.29,0.77]*	0.43 (0.14) [0.22,0.82]*	1.89 (0.74) [0.86,4.13]
Low education	1.37 (0.15) [1.09,1.71]*	1.48 (0.22) [1.10,1.98]*	0.96 (0.22) [0.61,1.52]
Low income	1.56 (0.20) [1.20,2.02]*	1.41 (0.21) [1.06,1.89]*	2.17 (0.79) [1.05,4.50]*
Middle income	1.35 (0.19) [1.02,1.78]*	1.36 (0.23) [0.97,1.92]	1.50 (0.41) [0.86,2.59]
	N=4,504	N=3,460	N=1,624
Adults
Black	0.89 (0.10) [0.71,1.11]	0.73 (0.10) [0.56,0.97]*	1.64 (0.46) [0.94,2.86]
Hispanic	0.53 (0.06) [0.41,0.67]*	0.46 (0.07) [0.34,0.64]*	0.99 (0.32) [0.52,1.90]
Other race	0.57 (0.14) [0.35,0.91]*	0.5 (0.17) [0.25,0.98]*	0.77 (0.76) [0.11,5.51]
Low education	1.47 (0.15) [1.20,1.80]*	1.38 (0.17) [1.07,1.77]*	0.73 (0.16) [0.48,1.12]
Low income	1.42 (0.18) [1.11,1.83]*	1.65 (0.26) [1.21,2.25]*	1.61 (0.45) [0.92,2.81]
Middle income	1.36 (0.16) [1.07,1.72]*	1.59 (0.26) [1.15,2.21]*	1.06 (0.32) [0.58,1.94]
	N=8,965	N=6,320	N=3,408

Notes:

^aEach age group was defined as following: children (2–11 years), adolescents (12–19 years), young adults (20–34 years), and adults (35 years or older).

^bThe data were from the NHANES, nationally representative sample.

^cOdds ratio (OR) was estimated using logistic regression. Adjusted factors included age, gender, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and other), household income (per capita household income less than 135%, between 135% and 300%, and 300% or more of the federal poverty level), education level (high school or less versus some college or more). For children and adolescents under age 20 we used their parents or guardians’ socioeconomic characteristics for proxy measures of their own.

^dFor children and adolescents under age 20 we used their parents or guardians’ socioeconomic characteristics for proxy measures of their own.

^eThe reference groups for race/ethnicity, education, and income groups were white, high education, and high income, respectively. household incomepoverty level, respectively.

^f* p < 0.05.

^gCI stands for confidence interval.

^hAll estimates were all weighted by sampling probability.