Table 6.

Associations of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status with kilocalorie (kcal) intake per day of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) among consumers

Age Groupa	Total SSB	Regular Soda	Fruit Dinks
	Coefficients (SE)	Coefficients (SE)	Coefficients (SE)
	Children
Black	−4.1 (7.3)	−28.8 (6.4)***	20.0 (7.1)***
Hispanic	−18.1 (9.8)*	−27.0 (7.6)***	8.2 (7.3)
Other race	−16.9 (11.1)	−10.6 (13.1)	2.5 (14.2)
Low education	7.6 (7.6)	4.4 (7.0)	−4.8 (6.5)
Low income	22.9 (10.3)**	14.8 (9.3)	27.3 (11.2)**
Middle income	17.4 (8.8)*	6.8 (8.9)	18.4 (8.5)**
	N=6,398	N=3,959	N=3,871
Adolescents
Black	−35.3 (11.3)***	−71.8 (10.9)***	32.7 (12.0)***
Hispanic	−43.3 (11.6)***	−58.3 (11.6)***	14.0 (13.5)
Other race	−22.4 (25.2)	−23.8 (24.2)	−12.6 (23.3)
Low education	27.0 (8.9) ***	21.5 (10.4)**	10.0 (12.1)
Low income	17.6 (13.9)	20.2 (15.0)	−1.3 (17.0)
Middle income	−3.7 (10.8)	0.0 (11.6)	−0.4 (12.2)
	N=7,533	N=5,726	N=3,179
Young adults
Black	−47.3 (17.0)***	−96.3 (19.0)***	35.4 (23.5)
Hispanic	−139.9 (20.6)***	−160.3 (20.8)***	−22.8 (29.4)
Other race	−110.6 (25.63)***	−131.9 (22.4)***	75.0 (73.1)
Low education	59.2 (15.7)***	48.6 (19.5)**	19.9 (19.9)
Low income	77.9 (17.2)***	61.7 (18.4)***	63.2 (31.0)**
Middle income	43.1 (15.6)***	43.9 (15.1)***	18.4 (20.9)
	N=4,504	N=3,460	N=1,624
Adults
Black	−1.7 (10.1)	−28.7 (9.9)***	43.0 (13.2)***
Hispanic	−51.7 (11.1)***	−63.1 (12.5)***	5.9 (13.5)
Other race	−56.5 (19.5)***	−51.4 (20.6)**	5.1 (27.2)
Low education	32.2 (8.3)***	26.0 (10.4)**	−3.6 (9.7)
Low income	37.8 (11.0)***	39.1 (11.9)***	25.7 (14.2)*
Middle income	22.6 (8.4) ***	21.2 (10.5)**	14.0 (13.4)
	N=8,965	N=6,320	N=3,408

Notes:

^aEach age group was defined as follows: children (2–11 years), adolescents (12–19 years), young adults (20–34 years), and adults (35 years or older).

^bThe data were from the NHANES, nationally representative sample.

^cEstimates for sports/energy drinks were not provided due to small sample sizes for the conditional regression models.

^dAdjusted calorie intake was estimated using regression analysis. Adjusted factors included age, gender, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and others), household income (per capita household income less than 135%, between 135% and 300%, and 300% or more of the federal poverty level), education level (high school or less versus some college or more). For children and adolescents under age 20 we used their parents or guardians’ socioeconomic characteristics for proxy measures of their own.

^eThe reference groups for race/ethnicity, education, and income groups were Whites, high education, and high income, respectively. Education level was measured as low education (high school or less) versus high education (some college or more). Household income was measured as low, middle, and high income based on per capita household income less than 135%, between 135% and 300%, and 300% or more of the federal poverty level, respectively.

^f* p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

^gSE stands for standard errors.

^hAll estimates were all weighted by sampling probability.