Table 2.
Summary of Clinical/Outcome Studies by Population (Age)
| TOPIC, STUDY | N | PATIENT POPULATION | KBS | LOCATION | COMMENT(S) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geriatric | |||||
| Lyketsos et al. (2001) | NAP | Geriatric outpatients | NS | United States | Video reduced “unneeded” hospitalizations. |
| Poon et al.33 (2005) | 22 | Geriatric dementia patients | 1.5 Mb | China | Significant, comparable cognitive improvement in video and in-person; high satisfaction; feasible assessment, intervention, and outcomes |
| Rabinowitz et al.32 (2010) | 106 | Nursing home residents | 384 | United States | Reduced travel time, fuel costs, physician travel time, personnel costs |
| Weiner et al.35 (2011) | 85 | Adult and geriatric dementia patients | NS | United States | Feasible alternative to face-to-face care in patients with cognitive disorders who live in remote areas |
| Adult | |||||
| Graham et al. (1996) | 39 | Adult outpatients | 768 | United States | Video reduced “unneeded” hospitalizations. |
| Zaylor et al. (1999) | 49 | Adult depressed or schizoaffective outpatients | 128 | United States | Video equals in-person in GAF scores at 6-month follow-up. |
| Hunkeler et al. (2000) | 302 | Adult primary care outpatients | NS | United States | Video by nurses improved depressive symptoms and functioning and had high satisfaction versus in-person. |
| Ruskin et al.16 (2004) | 119 | Adult Veterans | 384 | United States | Depression outcomes video and in-person equal, as were adherence, satisfaction, cost |
| Manfredi et al.74 (2005) | 15 | Adult inmates | 384 | United States | Feasibility from an urban university to rural jail; less need for inmate transport |
| Sorvaniemi et al.59 (2005) | 60 | Adult emergency patients | 384 | Finland | Minor technical problems occurred; assessment and satisfaction fine |
| Modai et al.76 (2006) | 24/15 | Adult outpatients | NS | Israel | Video greater than in-person cost per service and more hospitalization cost (less available per usual care) |
| Urness et al.75 (2006) | 39 | Adult outpatients | 384 | Canada | Video less than in-person for encouragement; improved outcomes for both |
| O'Reilly et al.13 (2007) | 495 | Adult outpatients | 384 | Canada | Video equal to in-person in outcomes, satisfaction; 10% less expensive per video |
| Yellowlees et al.53 (2010) | 60 | Non-emergency adult patients | NAP | United States | First ATP to demonstrate feasibility |
| Pediatric | |||||
| Nelson et al.27 (2003) | 28 | Children | 128 | United States | Video equals in-person in reducing depression over 8 weeks; satisfaction high, but 15/100 consultations had an issue with technology. |
| Greenberg et al.77 (2006) | NS | Children | NS | Canada | Video experiences positive; family caretakers and service providers frustrated with limitations of the video |
| Myers et al.78 (2006) | 115 | Adolescents, incarcerated | 384 | United States | 80% of youth successfully prescribed medications, and they expressed confidence with the psychiatrist's recommendations; youth expressed concerns about privacy. |
| Myers et al.23 (2010) | 172 | Children and adolescents | 384 | United States | Parents' satisfaction higher with school-aged children and lower with adolescents; adherence high for return appointments |
| Pakyurek et al.12 (2010) | NAV | Children/adolescents in primary care | NS | United States | Video might actually be superior to in-person for consultation. |
| Lau et al.79 (2011) | 45 | Children and adolescents | NS | United States | Video reaches a variety of children, with consultants providing diagnostic clarification and modifying treatment |
| Jacob et al.80 (2012) | 15 | Child outpatients | NS | United States | Patient satisfaction was high, and PCPs found recommendations helpful; outcomes pending on follow-up |
| All ages | |||||
| De Las Cuevas et al.14 (2006) | 130 | All ages—outpatients | 384–768 | Spain | Video equals in-person, including those in remote areas with limited resources |
| Depression | |||||
| Ruskin et al.16 (2004) | 119 | Adult Veterans | 384 | United States | Video equals in-person for adherence, patient satisfaction, and cost. |
| Fortney et al.15 (2007) | 177 | Adult outpatients | NS | United States | Video can help adapt collaborative care model in small PC clinics, and symptoms improved more rapidly in intervention group versus usual-care group. |
| Moreno et al.37 (2012) | 167 | Adult patients | NS | United States | Video may close gap in access to culturally and linguistically congruent specialists; improves depression severity, functional ability, and quality of life |
| Fortney et al.9 (2013) | 364 | Adult patients | NS | United States | Video collaborative care group had greater reductions in severity than usual-care group. |
| PTSD | |||||
| Frueh et al.18 (2007) | 38 | Adult male Veterans | 384/NS | United States | Video equals in-person in clinical outcomes and satisfaction at 3-month follow-up; video less comfort versus in-person in talking with therapist post-treatment and had worse treatment adherence |
| Morland et al.17 (2010) | 125 | Adult male Veterans | 384/NS | United States | Video CBGT for PTSD-related anger is feasible for rural/remote Veterans, with reduced anger. |
| Germain et al.81 (2009) | 48 | Adult patients | NS | Canada | Video equals in-person in reducing PTSD over 16–25 weeks |
| Substance abuse | |||||
| Frueh et al.46 (2005) | 14 | Adult male outpatients | 384/NS | United States | Video had good attendance, comparable attrition, and high satisfaction. |
| Developmental disability | |||||
| Szeftel et al.30 (2012) | 45 | Adolescents | NS | United States | Video led to changed Axis I psychiatric diagnosis (excluding developmental disorders) 70%, and changed medication 82% of patients initially, 41% at 1 year, and 46% at 3 years; video helped PCPs with recommendations for developmental disabilities. |
| Panic disorder | |||||
| Bouchard et al.82 (2004) | 21 | Adults | 384/NS | Canada | Video 81% of patients panic-free post-treatment and 91% at 6-month follow up via CBT |
| Hispanic | |||||
| Moreno et al.37 (2012) | 167 | Adult patients | NS | United States | Video lessens depression severity, raises functional ability and quality of life, and improves access to culturally and linguistically congruent specialists. |
| Chong et al.40 (2012) | 167 | Adult patients | NS | United States | Video is acceptable to low-income depressed Hispanic patients, but its feasibility is questionable. |
| Yellowlees et al.55 (2013) | 127 | English- and Spanish-speaking patients | NS | United States | ATP equal for English- and Spanish-speaking patients |
| American Indian | |||||
| Shore et al.43 (2008) | 53 | Male adult patients | NS | United States | Video equals in-person assessment, interaction, and satisfaction; comfort level high and culturally accepted |
| European | |||||
| Mucic44 (2010) | 61 | Adult outpatients | 2Mbit (Denmark)10Mbit (Sweden) | Denmark | Video improved access, reduced waiting time, and reduced travel to see bilingual psychiatrists; high satisfaction video preferred via “mother tongue' rather than interpreter-assisted care |
| Asian | |||||
| Ye et al.41 (2012) | 19 | Adult outpatients | NS | United States | Primary language facilitates expression of feelings, emotional discomfort, or social stressors. |
| Sign language | |||||
| Lopez et al.45 (2004) | 1 | Adult female, deaf since birth | NS | United States | Video communication was fine with ASL interpreter, and psychiatric symptoms improved. |
Those studies before 2003 are not referenced in this regular article since it is not a review; name and year of those not referenced are given in Hilty et al.4 (2003).
ASL, American Sign Language; ATP, asynchronous telepsychiatry; CBT, cognitive behavioral treatment; NAP, not applicable; NAV, not available; NS, not specified; PC, primary care; PCP, primary care provider; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.