Table 4. Hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for hemorrhagic stroke by increasing energy-adjusted quintiles of carbohydrate, high GI carbohydrate, low GI carbohydrate, starch, sugar, dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and fiber intake.* .
| I | II | III | IV | V | P for trend | Intake as a continuous variable ç | |
| Carbohydrate | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 19/8749 | 14/8749 | 16/8749 | 16/8749 | 18/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.87 (0.40–1.86) | 1.01 (0.47–2.13) | 1.01 (0.47–2.17) | 1.51 (0.72–3.16) | 0.297 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 0.87 (0.37–2.02) | 1.05 (0.41–2.71) | 1.04 (0.35–3.15) | 1.40 (0.37–5.32) | 0.628 | 1.73 (1.04–2.87) |
| High GI carbohydrate | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 11/8749 | 22/8749 | 13/8749 | 20/8749 | 17/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 2.12 (0.95–4.69) | 1.07 (0.42–2.69) | 2.24 (0.98–5.09) | 2.62 (1.09–6.31) | 0.043 | 1.24 (0.94–1.62) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 2.39 (1.04–5.50) | 1.29 (0.48–3.46) | 2.84 (1.12–7.23) | 3.14 (1.09–9.04) | 0.050 | 1.24 (0.89–1.72) |
| Low GI carbohydrate | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 16/8749 | 15/8749 | 18/8749 | 17/8749 | 17/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.66 (0.29–1.50) | 1.01 (0.48–2.11) | 0.83 (0.39–1.78) | 0.84 (0.39–1.83) | 0.829 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 0.67 (0.29–1.55) | 1.02 (0.48–2.18) | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 0.71 (0.30–1.66) | 0.542 | 1.00 (0.76–1.33) |
| Starch | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 22/8749 | 14/8749 | 16/8749 | 17/8749 | 14/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 0.61 (0.29–1.28) | 0.86 (0.43–1.71) | 0.83 (0.40–1.72) | 1.04 (0.47–2.31) | 0.905 | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 0.50 (0.22–1.14) | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | 0.60 (0.23–1.58) | 0.61 (0.19–1.95) | 0.464 | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) |
| Sugar | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 14/8749 | 13/8749 | 18/8749 | 14/8749 | 24/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 1.13 (0.48–2.64) | 1.22 (0.53–2.80) | 0.78 (0.31–1.96) | 1.74 (0.79–3.80) | 0.174 | 1.21 (0.97–1.51) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 1.18 (0.50–2.81) | 1.35 (0.57–3.19) | 0.87 (0.33–2.27) | 1.83 (0.77–4.39) | 0.195 | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) |
| Glycemic index | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 13/8749 | 20/8749 | 14/8749 | 21/8749 | 15/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 1.80 (0.82–3.93) | 1.24 (0.53–2.94) | 1.99 (0.90–4.36) | 1.49 (0.64–3.49) | 0.333 | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 1.79 (0.81–3.93) | 1.25 (0.52–2.99) | 2.00 (0.89–4.52) | 1.55 (0.63–3.81) | 0.321 | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) |
| Glycemic load | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 15/8749 | 20/8749 | 15/8749 | 15/8749 | 18/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 1.46 (0.70–3.08) | 1.15 (0.51–2.57) | 1.02 (0.44–2.40) | 2.12 (0.98–4.61) | 0.153 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ | 1 | 1.59 (0.69–3.62) | 1.33 (0.50–3.55) | 1.28 (0.41–4.04) | 2.58 (0.71–9.47) | 0.219 | 1.56 (1.01–2.41) |
| Fiber | |||||||
| N cases/N non-cases | 12/8749 | 20/8749 | 16/8749 | 19/8749 | 16/8748 | ||
| Crude HR (95% CI)† | 1 | 1.47 (0.66–3.27) | 1.13 (0.48–2.65) | 1.51 (0.66–3.46) | 2.17 (0.87–5.41) | 0.110 | 1.23 (0.88–1.71) |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI)$ # | 1 | 1.53 (0.67–3.49) | 1.17 (0.47–2.89) | 1.48 (0.60–3.66) | 1.87 (0.67–5.22) | 0.292 | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) |
*
energy adjusted by residual method; †Adjusted for sex and stratified by FFQ and age;$ also adjusted for education, smoking, body mass index, alcohol, non alcohol energy intake, cereal fiber intake, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and physical activity; # not adjusted for cereal fiber; ç for 1 SD increase.