Table 2. Multi- and uni-variate analyses of life-history variation, p-values associated with the effects of latitude and population structure.

		Latitude		Population structure
Trait	df	F	% Explained variance	F	% Explained variance
Multivariate analysis
(excluding secondary dormancy)	1,109	16.06***	11%	12.51**	9%
(including secondary dormancy)	1,75	22.01***	20%	7.79**	7%
Univariate analysis
Primary dormancy	2,107	4.56*	5%	6.99**	9%
Secondary dormancy	2,75	0.32	n.s.	2.66•	4%
Vegetative growth rate	2,107	1.29	n.s.	2.16	n.s.
Flowering time	2,108	7.95***	11%	0.16	n.s.

Interaction between the two gradients was not significant (not shown). Because of missing values in secondary dormancy, the multivariate analysis was conducted with and without secondary dormancy. P-values were established with F test based on permutations (see methods). n.s.: not significant, • p<0.1, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001. The percentage of variance explained by latitude or population structure gradients is given. df: degrees of freedom for numerator and denominator, respectively.