Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Children with and Those without Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Infection.*
| Characteristic | Inpatients | Outpatients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HMPV-Positive (N = 200) | HMPV-Negative (N = 3290) | P Value | HMPV-Positive (N = 446) | HMPV-Negative (N = 5812) | P Value | |
| Age — mo | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Median | 13 | 6 | <0.001 | 17 | 16 | 0.61 |
|
| ||||||
| Interquartile range | 5–26 | 1–19 | 8–32 | 8–32 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Age group — no. (%) | <0.001 | 0.59 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| <6 mo | 56 (28) | 1614 (49) | 71 (16) | 1036 (18) | ||
|
| ||||||
| 6–11 mo | 39 (20) | 443 (13) | 96 (22) | 1148 (20) | ||
|
| ||||||
| 12–23 mo | 49 (24) | 605 (18) | 114 (26) | 1524 (26) | ||
|
| ||||||
| 24–35 mo | 27 (14) | 291 (9) | 77 (17) | 892 (15) | ||
|
| ||||||
| 36–59 mo | 29 (14) | 337 (10) | 88 (20) | 1212 (21) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Sex — no. (%) | 0.16 | 0.35 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Female | 95 (48) | 1398 (42) | 198 (44) | 2713 (47) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Male | 105 (52) | 1892 (58) | 248 (56) | 3099 (53) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Race or ethnic group — no. (%)† | 0.67 | 0.25 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| White | 95 (48) | 1407 (43) | 124 (28) | 1754 (30) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Black | 62 (31) | 1090 (33) | 220 (49) | 2704 (47) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Hispanic | 26 (13) | 515 (16) | 69 (15) | 901 (16) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Other or unknown | 17 (8) | 278 (8) | 33 (7) | 453 (8) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Type of health insurance — no. (%) | 0.37 | 0.01 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Public | 120 (60) | 2011 (61) | 312 (70) | 4310 (74) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Private | 72 (36) | 1098 (33) | 100 (22) | 1240 (21) | ||
|
| ||||||
| None | 6 (3) | 166 (5) | 30 (7) | 242 (4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Unknown | 2 (1) | 15 (<1) | 4 (1) | 20 (<1) | ||
|
| ||||||
| High-risk condition — no. (%)‡ | 81 (40) | 990 (30) | 0.002 | 97 (22) | 1293 (22) | 0.81 |
|
| ||||||
| Premature birth | 48 (24) | 513 (16) | 0.006 | 39 (9) | 585 (10) | 0.34 |
|
| ||||||
| Asthma | 61 (30) | 677 (21) | <0.001 | 83 (19) | 1084 (19) | 0.98 |
|
| ||||||
| Chronic lung disease | 20 (10) | 182 (6) | 0.009 | 1 (<1) | 70 (1) | 0.06 |
|
| ||||||
| Supplemental oxygen — no. (%) | 106 (53) | 1178 (36) | <0.001 | — | — | |
|
| ||||||
| Diagnosis at discharge — no. (%)§ | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Pneumonia | 99 (50) | 731 (22) | 39 (9) | 259 (4) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Bronchiolitis | 44 (22) | 987 (30) | 46 (10) | 544 (9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Asthma | 29 (14) | 419 (13) | 62 (14) | 530 (9) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Viral illness | 11 (6) | 391 (12) | 152 (34) | 2058 (35) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Fever | 8 (4) | 294 (9) | 19 (4) | 314 (5) | ||
Outpatients were defined as children seen in the emergency department or outpatient clinic. P values were calculated by means of the Pearson chi-square test, except for the median age, which was calculated by means of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Race or ethnic group was determined according to the report of the parent or guardian.
Some children had more than one high-risk condition.
Diagnosis at discharge was reported on the basis of up to 10 discharge diagnoses, ordered as pneumonia, bronchiolitis, asthma, viral illness (including nonspecific viral illness, croup, respiratory syncytial virus infection, and upper respiratory infection), fever, influenza, seizure, bacteremia or septicemia, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. Only diagnoses present in at least 4% of HMPV-positive children are shown. For more details, see Table S4 in the Supplementary Appendix.