. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 24.

Published in final edited form as: J Natl Med Assoc. 2010 Nov;102(11):1056–1063. doi: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30733-1

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics and Study Variable Means

Variable	Mean	Standard Deviation	Max/Min
Sex	35 females/14 males
Age	37	13.6	20/77
Education	13.77	2.12	9/18
Perceived discrimination.	17.61	17.43	9/39
Optimism	16.57	4.49	7/24
No. of emergency department visits in last year	6.3	16.06	0/112.5
No. of hospitalizations in last year	4.33	9.21	0/62.5
No. of days in hospital in last year	4.68	4.34	0/17.5