Table 3.

Data collection methods in reviewed studies

Method	Studies
Discrete Method
Observations	[62,73]
Interviews	[36,52,80,81]
Focus group interviews	[69,86]
Questionnaire surveys	[37,39,43,44,55,60,63-65,79],[83,87]
Information system data analysis	[77]
Multi-method
Interview and observation	[1, 6*, 34, 40, 41, 45, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 76*, 82, 84*]
Interview and document analysis including medication chart review	[48,51]
Interview, observation and document analysis (may include medication chart review)	[38,42,50]
Interview, observation, focus group, survey and time and motion studies	[78]
Analysis of information system data and observation	[70]
Analysis of information system data, observation and interview	[4]
Observation, clinical intervention data and medication chart review	[35]
Observation and medication chart review	[46]
Interview and collection of data from support desk and information system data	[85]
Questionnaire surveys, observations, interviews and Computer Provider Order Entry (CPOE) website review	[71]
Questionnaire surveys and observation and focus groups	[57]
Questionnaire surveys and interviews	[49]
Questionnaire surveys, interviews, process mapping, information system data and document analysis	[47]
Observation and journal narration	[24]
Self-recording by nurses as they gave medication and interviews	[67]

*Observational studies that noted inclusion of ‘complementary’ and ‘opportunistic’ interviews.