Table 2.
Campylobacter infection and associated risk factors in under five diarrheic children at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, October 2011 to March 2012
| Risk factors |
Positives |
Negatives |
Total |
COR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||||
|
Caretaker relation to child |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mother |
38(15.2) |
212(84.8) |
250(87.7) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Father |
4(28.6) |
10(71.4) |
14(4.9) |
2.23 |
0.56,8.38 |
2.2 |
0.66,7.48 |
0.29 |
| Guardian |
2(9.5) |
19(90.5) |
21(7.4) |
0.59 |
0,09,2.78 |
0.58 |
0.11,2.62 |
|
|
Education of caretaker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Illiterate |
14(12.1) |
102(87.9) |
116(40.7) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Primary |
15(19.2) |
63(80.8) |
78(27.4) |
1.73 |
0.73,4.12 |
1.45 |
0.78,3.83 |
0.20 |
| Junior-secondary |
13(20.6) |
50(79.4) |
63(22.1) |
1.89 |
0.77,4.61 |
2.7 |
0.82,4.33 |
|
| Diploma & above |
2(7.1) |
26(92.9) |
28(9.8) |
0.56 |
0.08,2.85 |
3.9 |
0.7,16.0 |
|
|
Number of children |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Only 1 |
7(15.6) |
38(84.4) |
45(15.8) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| 2-5 |
32(14.7) |
185(85.3) |
217(76.1) |
0.94 |
0.36,2.53 |
0.92 |
0.38,2.28 |
|
| >5 |
5(21.7) |
18(78.3) |
23(8.1) |
1.5 |
0.42,5.40 |
1.3 |
0.42,5.40 |
0.73 |
|
Latrine usage |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
15(25.9) |
43(74.1) |
58(20.4) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Yes, always |
29(12.8) |
198(87.2) |
227(79.6) |
0.42 |
0.21,0.90 |
0.41 |
0.20,0.84 |
0.01* |
|
Hand washing before feeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Not at all |
5(27.8) |
13(72.2) |
18(6.3) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Yes, sometimes |
14(15.9) |
74(84.1) |
88(30.9) |
0.49 |
0.13,1.88 |
1.9 |
0.5,6.3 |
0.52 |
| Yes, always |
25(14) |
154(86) |
179(62.8) |
0.59 |
0.12,1.50 |
0.06 |
0.02,0.19 |
|
|
Clean the child after defecation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Not at all |
6(25) |
18(75) |
24(8.4) |
1 |
|
1 |
0.15,1.26 |
0.29 |
| Yes, sometimes |
18(12.9) |
122(87.1) |
140(49.1) |
0.44 |
0.14,1.44 |
0.48 |
0.2,1.68 |
|
| Yes, always |
20(16.5) |
101(84.5) |
121(42.5) |
0.59 |
0.19,1.92 |
0.69 |
|
|
|
Cleaning materials for utensils |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Water only |
10(11.8) |
75(88.2) |
85(29.8) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Soap |
33(17.6) |
154(82.4) |
187(65.6) |
1.61 |
0.71,3.69 |
1.60 |
0.70,3.43 |
0.33 |
| Chemicals |
1(7.7) |
12(92.3) |
13(4.6) |
0.63 |
0.03,5.61 |
0.62 |
0.07,5.33 |
|
|
Water source |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pipe |
35(14.1) |
214(85.9) |
249(87.4) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
0.001* |
| Well |
3(75) |
1(25) |
4(1.4) |
18 |
1.63,44.4 |
2 |
2.0, 20 |
|
| Spring |
3(12) |
22(88) |
25(8.7) |
0.83 |
0.2,3.2 |
0.78 |
0.2, 2.0 |
|
| River |
3(42.9) |
4(57.1) |
7(2.5) |
4.5 |
0.77,25.6 |
4.8 |
1.2, 21 |
|
|
Boiling water |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2(2.4) |
81(97.6) |
83(20.1) |
1 |
2.4,65.2 |
1 |
2.5, 45 |
<0.001 α |
| No |
42(20.8) |
160(79.2) |
202(70.9) |
10.6 |
|
10.57 |
|
|
|
Exclusive breastfeeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
15(18.5) |
66(81.5) |
81(28.4) |
1 |
0.35,1.53 |
1 |
0.6, 2.7 |
0.36 |
| Yes |
29(14.2) |
175(85.8) |
204(71.6) |
0.73 |
|
1.37 |
|
|
|
Bottle feeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
20(10.8) |
165(89.2) |
185(65) |
1 |
|
1 |
1.36, 5.0 |
0.008* |
| Yes |
24(24) |
76(76) |
100(35) |
2.61 |
1.29,5.3 |
2.60 |
|
|
|
Nutritional status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Well nourished |
30(12.4) |
211(87.6) |
241(84.6) |
1 |
1.47,7.31 |
1 |
1.58, 6.8 |
0.002* |
| Malnourished |
14(31.8) |
30(68.2) |
44(15.4) |
3.3 |
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
Exposed to domestic animals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
10(7.6) |
122(92.4) |
132(46.3) |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
| Cats and dogs |
21(29.6) |
50(70.4) |
71(24.9) |
5.12 |
2.11,12.7 |
6.3 |
2.25,11.65 |
<0.001 α |
| Hen and pigeons |
8(19) |
34(81) |
42(14.7) |
2.87 |
0.94,8.69 |
2.9 |
1.05,7.88 |
|
| Other animals | 5(12.5) | 35(87.5) | 40(14.1) | 1.74 | 0.48,6.05 | 1.4 | 0.5,5.4 |
AOR: Adjusted odd ratio, COR: Crude odd ratio, * p-value < 0.05, α p-value < 0.001.