Table 4.
CIMT* difference (μm) for pollutant IQR increases by analysis model and exposure estimation approach
| |
PM2.5* |
EC* |
OC* |
Silicon |
Sulfur |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIMT difference (95% CI) | CIMT difference (95% CI) | CIMT difference (95% CI) | CIMT difference (95% CI) | CIMT difference (95% CI) | |
| Model 1** |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nearest Monitor |
13.7 (8.0,19.5) |
8.2 (2.2,14.2) |
36.5 (28.3,44.7) |
3.1 (−11.9,18.0) |
22.6 (14.9,30.2) |
| IDW |
8.8 (4.8,12.7) |
4.8 (0.0,9.5) |
25.4 (19.9,30.8) |
−0.6 (−10.2,9.0) |
23.8 (15.8,31.8) |
| City-Wide Average |
7.6 (3.7,11.3) |
2.6 (−1.9,7.1) |
21.3 (16.4,26.2) |
−0.2 (−9.9,9.5) |
22.9 (14.8,31.0) |
| Model 2** |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nearest Monitor |
14.7 (9.0,20.5) |
9.6 (3.6,15.7) |
35.1 (26.8,43.3) |
5.2 (−9.8,20.1) |
22.7 (15.0,30.4) |
| IDW |
9.6 (5.7,13.5) |
6.0 (1.3,10.8) |
24.9 (19.4,30.3) |
1.3 (−8.3,10.9) |
24.0 (16.0,32.0) |
| City-Wide Average |
8.5 (4.7,12.3) |
3.9 (−0.5,8.4) |
20.6 (15.7,25.5) |
1.8 (−7.9,11.4) |
23.3 (15.2,31.4) |
| Model 3** |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nearest Monitor |
15.8 (9.9,21.7) |
10.8 (4.6,16.9) |
36.5 (28.0,44.9) |
7.3 (−8.0,22.5) |
23.9 (16.0,31.7) |
| IDW |
10.6 (6.5,14.6) |
7.2 (2.3,12.0) |
26.9 (21.2,32.6) |
2.4 (−7.4,12.2) |
25.4 (17.2,33.5) |
| City-Wide Average |
9.6 (5.7,13.5) |
5.0 (0.4,9.6) |
21.8 (16.7,26.9) |
2.8 (−7.1,12.7) |
24.8 (16.5,33.1) |
| Model 4** |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nearest Monitor |
5.9 (−10.3,22.0) |
6.3 (−11.4,23.8) |
−2.3 (−26.2,21.5) |
−10.1 (−41.0,20.6) |
27.4 (−19.3,73.8) |
| IDW | 6.0 (−9.8,21.8) | 12.1 (−11.0,35.0) | *** | −8.5 (−47.2,30.0) | *** |
*PM2.5, particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; EC, elemental carbon; OC, organic carbon; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness.
**Model 1: covariates include age, gender, race-ethnicity.
Model 2: Model 1 + total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, smoking status, hypertension, lipid-lowering medication.
Model 3: Model 2 + education, income, waist circumference, body surface area, BMI, BMI2, diabetes, LDL, triglycerides.
Model 4: Model 2 + metropolitan area.
***unstable estimate.