Table 3.
Primary Outcome Measures at Patient Level, Practice Level, and Changes Modeled Over Time
| Measure | Unadjusted analyses (entire study period) | Generalized linear mixed models | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient level | Practice level | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Entire study period | |||||
| Number of encounters | % | Median | Range | Initial weighted mean (SD) | Estimated change (95 % CI) | Estimated change (95 % CI) | Estimated change (95 % CI) | ||
| Inappropriate antibiotic use | Adults | 13,232 | 42.1 % | 24.2 % | 9.3 %–67.5 % | 40.8 % (20.7 %) | 1.67 % (−2.76 %, 6.10 %) | −0.10 % (−2.88 %, 2.69 %) | 1.57 % (−5.35 %, 8.49 %) |
| Children | 7,447 | 19.5 % | 17 % | 1.1 %–48.7 % | 20.7 % (20.0 %) | −0.11 % (−4.72 %, 4.50 %) | −1.78 % (−4.61 %, 1.05 %) | −1.89 % (−9.03 %, 5.26 %) | |
| Broad spectrum antibiotic use | Adults | 13,285 | 51.0 % | 42.2 % | 17.4 %–65.2 % | 55.3 % (18.9 %) | −9.77 %† (−15.22 %,–4.33 %) | −6.52 %*† (−9.95 %, −3.10 %) | −16.30 %† (−24.81 %, −7.79 %) |
| Children | 6,467 | 27.8 % | 24.4 % | 3.4 %–55.6 % | 35.5 % (9.9 %) | −10.00 %† (−14.51 %,–5.49 %) | −6.30 %*† (−9.07 %, −3.53 %) | −16.30 %† (−23.29 %, −9.31 %) | |
| Delayed prescription use | Adults | 15,414 | 6.3 % | 1.7 % | 0 %–10.1 % | 6.3 % (5.8 %) | −0.55 % (−2.28 %, 1.18 %) | −0.59 % (−1.68 %, 0.50 %) | −1.14 % (−3.85 %, 1.56 %) |
| Children | 6,769 | 1.9 % | 0.4 % | 0 %–7.5 % | 2.9 % (3.7 %) | −1.55 %† (−2.66 %, −0.45 %) | −1.29 %† (−1.97 %, −0.61 %) | −2.85 %† (−4.56 %, −1.13 %) | |
*Indicates that the change over time during phase 2 was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the change over time during phase 1
†Indicates significant change (p < 0.05) during the time period specified