. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 25.

Published in final edited form as: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2012;15(6):396–432. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2012.710134

TABLE 4.

Microenvironmental PM Concentrations: Lighting

Household device	Location	Room volume, m³	Flame condition	Fuel grade^*	PM			Study
Household device	Location	Room volume, m³	Flame condition	Fuel grade^*	N/n	Size	μg m⁻³	Study
Simple wick	Hut	16.9	Normal	United States	1/4	TSP	6700 (1800)^a	Schare and Smith 1995
	Hut	16.9	High				21,800 (—)^a	Apple et al. 2010
	Kiosk	6.34	Normal	1–K	5/1	PM_2.5	400^b	Apple et al. 2010
Hurricane	Hut	16.9	Normal	United States	1/4	TSP	2500 (900)^a	Schare and Smith 1995
	Hut	16.9	High				5000 (—)	Schare and Smith 1995
	Kiosk	6.34	Normal (small lamp)	1–K	2/1	PM_2.5	70–300^b	Apple et al. 2010
	Kiosk	6.34	Normal (large lamp)				20–300^b	Apple et al. 2010
Pressure	Kiosk	6.34	Normal	1–K	1/1	PM_2.5	40^b	Apple et al. 2010

Note. No data for CO, NO₂, and SO₂ concentrations resulting from kerosene lighting were found. All lighting studies in table were conducted under mock exposure scenarios lasting between 1 and 2 h; thus, values in the table represent average concentrations during lamp usage, not daily averages.

Study country/region shown when fuel grade is not reported. N = number of devices, n = tests per device.

Average of steady-state concentrations.

Ranges and values from Apple et al. (2010) estimated from figures.