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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2013 Jan 11;65(4):683–689. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.01.003

Table 3.

Association between sex hormone level and lethal prostate cancer (defined as development of metastases or cancer-specific mortality), stratified by Gleason score, TNM stage, age at diagnosis, and interval from blood draw to diagnosis; combined cohort of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and the Physicians’ Health Study1 (n = 963), 1982–2010

No. events/cases2 HR3 p value
Gleason score ≤6
 T 32/447 0.90 (0.58–1.40) 0.64
 SHBG 32/447 1.07 (0.70–1.63) 0.77
 SHBG-adjusted T4 32/447 0.77 (0.43–1.38) 0.38
 Free T 20/336 1.06 (0.63–1.77) 0.83
 DHT5 26/326 0.99 (0.62–1.57) 0.95
 AAG 32/446 1.13 (0.83–1.55) 0.44
 Estradiol 32/447 1.08 (0.72–1.63) 0.71
Gleason score 7
 T 42/295 0.93 (0.66–1.31) 0.68
 SHBG 42/295 1.14 (0.77–1.69) 0.50
 SHBG-adjusted T4 42/295 0.82 (0.49–1.36) 0.44
 Free T 22/223 0.96 (0.55–1.68) 0.88
 DHT5 37/211 0.86 (0.55–1.34) 0.50
 AAG 42/294 1.08 (0.84–1.39) 0.55
 Estradiol 42/295 1.06 (0.75–1.49) 0.75
Gleason score 8–10
 T 37/98 1.06 (0.72–1.56) 0.78
 SHBG 37/98 1.04 (0.77–1.40) 0.81
 SHBG-adjusted T4 37/98 1.05 (0.63–1.73) 0.86
 Free T 23/68 1.36 (0.74–2.52) 0.32
 DHT5 30/75 *1.87 (1.26–2.78) *0.002
 AAG 37/98 1.21 (0.84–1.74) 0.31
 Estradiol 37/98 1.31 (0.83–2.08) 0.25
Stage T1/T2
 T 75/750 0.87 (0.66–1.15) 0.33
 SHBG 75/750 1.02 (0.78–1.34) 0.88
 SHBG-adjusted T4 75/750 0.79 (0.55–1.14) 0.21
 Free T 45/569 1.05 (0.73–1.51) 0.79
 DHT5 62/546 0.98 (0.72–1.32) 0.87
 AAG 75/749 1.14 (0.93–1.39) 0.21
 Estradiol 75/750 0.96 (0.73–1.27) 0.79
Stage T3
 T 24/115 1.12 (0.57–2.20) 0.75
 SHBG 24/115 *1.59 (1.05–2.41) *0.03
 SHBG-adjusted T4 24/115 0.63 (0.26–1.52) 0.31
 Free T 14/77 0.93 (0.39–2.23) 0.87
 DHT5 21/93 *1.98 (1.30–3.00) *0.001
 AAG 24/115 1.12 (0.80–1.56) 0.52
 Estradiol 24/115 1.38 (0.74–2.57) 0.32
Stage T4/N1/M1
 T 44/53 1.14 (0.65–2.02) 0.65
 SHBG 44/53 0.77 (0.54–1.10) 0.15
 SHBG-adjusted T4 44/53 1.56 (0.82–2.98) 0.18
 Free T6 – – –
 DHT5 40/47 1.11 (0.70–1.78) 0.66
 AAG 44/52 0.73 (0.45–1.20) 0.21
 Estradiol 44/53 0.93 (0.72–1.21) 0.61
Age <65 yr
 T 34/252 1.02 (0.73–1.42) 0.92
 SHBG 34/252 1.21 (0.83–1.77) 0.33
 SHBG-adjusted T4 34/252 0.94 (0.60–1.47) 0.79
 Free T 8/173 1.08 (0.51–2.26) 0.84
 DHT5 31/193 1.36 (0.96–1.94) 0.09
 AAG 34/251 0.81 (0.59–1.12) 0.21
 Estradiol 34/252 0.82 (0.53–1.26) 0.36
Age ≥65 yr
 T 111/684 0.97 (0.77–1.23) 0.83
 SHBG 111/684 1.17 (0.96–1.44) 0.13
 SHBG-adjusted T4 111/684 0.79 (0.58–1.07) 0.13
 Free T 67/489 1.01 (0.73–1.40) 0.95
 DHT5 92/512 1.16 (0.93–1.46) 0.19
 AAG 111/683 1.12 (0.94–1.34) 0.21
 Estradiol 111/684 1.17 (0.96–1.44) 0.13
Interval <2 yr
 T 39/219 0.91 (0.54–1.51) 0.70
 SHBG 39/219 1.18 (0.81–1.74) 0.39
 SHBG-adjusted T4 39/219 0.75 (0.42–1.35) 0.34
 Free T 28/197 1.05 (0.65–1.67) 0.86
 DHT5 38/213 *1.69 (1.17–2.44) *0.005
 AAG 39/219 0.92 (0.66–1.29) 0.63
 Estradiol 39/219 1.05 (0.77–1.42) 0.77
Interval ≥2 yr
 T 106/717 0.95 (0.78–1.16) 0.62
 SHBG 106/717 1.19 (0.96–1.46) 0.11
 SHBG-adjusted T4 106/717 0.80 (0.60–1.08) 0.15
 Free T 50/472 0.88 (0.60–1.29) 0.50
 DHT5 85/492 1.08 (0.84–1.37) 0.56
 AAG 106/715 1.04 (0.88–1.23) 0.66
 Estradiol 106/717 1.08 (0.86–1.35) 0.51

AAG = androstanediol glucuronide; BMI = body mass index; DHT = dihydrotestosterone; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR = hazard ratio; PHS = Physicians’ Health Study; SHBG = sex hormone binding globulin; T = testosterone.

1

Free T not measured in PHS.

2

When possible, men with missing values were included in the analysis using a missing indicator variable. In some subsets the number of men with missing values was too small (≤5%) to ensure model convergence, so these men were excluded from the analysis.

3

HR: adjusted for age at diagnosis, BMI, physical activity, and smoking status. HR represents change per unit interquartile range in batch-adjusted continuous measure of each hormone.

4

HR as above but further adjusted for SHBG.

5

DHT data not available for third HPFS batch.

6

Analysis not performed due to insufficient sample size for subset.