Table 1.
Factors associated with being a female sex worker among women incarcerated in New York City jails, 2009–2010
| Total | Female sex worker-Yes | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | (Row %) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| TOTAL | 10828 | 700 | (6.5) | ||
| Demographic/incarceration characteristics | |||||
| Age, years* | |||||
| 16–19 | 1070 | 69 | (6.4) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 1.07 (0.77 to 1.49) |
| 20–24 | 1689 | 136 | (8.1) | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.53) | 1.42 (1.09 to 1.85) |
| 25–34 | 2595 | 198 | (7.6) | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.42) | 1.26 (1.00 to 1.58) |
| 35–44 | 2852 | 191 | (6.7) | Reference | Reference |
| 45–54 | 2258 | 102 | (4.5) | 0.66 (0.52 to 0.84) | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.08) |
| ≥55 | 354 | 4 | (1.1) | 0.16 (0.06 to 0.43) | 0.33 (0.12 to 0.91) |
| Unknown | 10 | 0 | (0.0) | <0.01 (<0.01 to >999.99) | <0.01 (<0.01 to >999.99) |
| Race/ethnicity* | |||||
| NH Black | 6406 | 414 | (6.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Hispanic | 2810 | 176 | (6.3) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.16) | 1.00 (0.82 to 1.23) |
| NH White | 1239 | 85 | (6.7) | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.36) | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) |
| NH API/American Indian/Other | 353 | 24 | (6.8) | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.62) | 1.68 (1.06 to 2.66) |
| Unknown | 20 | 1 | (0.1) | 0.76 (0.10 to 5.71) | 0.26 (0.03 to 2.42) |
| Borough of Residence* | |||||
| Bronx | 2336 | 144 | (6.2) | 2.57 (1.81 to 3.64) | 2.73 (1.90 to 3.94) |
| Brooklyn | 3415 | 232 | (6.8) | 2.85 (2.04 to 3.98) | 2.47 (1.75 to 3.50) |
| Manhattan | 1683 | 42 | (2.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Queens | 1561 | 141 | (9.0) | 3.88 (2.73 to 5.52) | 4.93 (3.41 to 7.14) |
| Staten Island | 446 | 27 | (6.1) | 2.52 (1.53 to 4.13) | 2.43 (1.44 to 4.11) |
| Other | 1387 | 114 | (8.2) | 3.50 (2.44 to 5.02) | 4.53 (3.03 to 6.76) |
| Ever homeless during study period | |||||
| Yes | 791 | 94 | (11.9) | 2.10 (1.67 to 2.64) | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.95) |
| No | 10037 | 606 | (6.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status* | |||||
| Single, never married | 8616 | 600 | (7.0) | Reference | Reference |
| Married/Cohabiting | 1617 | 72 | (4.5) | 0.62 (0.49 to 0.80) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.95) |
| Divorced/Separated | 371 | 15 | (4.0) | 0.56 (0.33 to 0.95) | 0.72 (0.41 to 1.27) |
| Widowed | 158 | 6 | (3.8) | 0.53 (0.23 to 1.20) | 0.94 (0.40 to 2.25) |
| Unknown | 66 | 7 | (10.6) | 1.59 (0.72 to 3.49) | 2.15 (0.84 to 5.52) |
| Education* | |||||
| <High school diploma/equivalent | 4960 | 362 | (7.3) | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.18) |
| High school diploma/equivalent | 2921 | 214 | (7.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Some college | 1756 | 74 | (4.2) | 0.56 (0.42 to 0.73) | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.93) |
| ≥College degree | 483 | 12 | (2.5) | 0.32 (0.18 to 0.58) | 0.42 (0.23 to 0.79) |
| Unknown | 708 | 38 | (5.4) | 0.72 (0.50 to 1.02) | 0.79 (0.47 to 1.33) |
| Number of prior incarcerations (in last 3 years) | |||||
| 0 | 7866 | 427 | (5.4) | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 1268 | 62 | (4.9) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.18) | 0.76 (0.57 to 1.01) |
| 2 | 628 | 51 | (8.1) | 1.54 (1.14 to 2.08) | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.41) |
| 3–5 | 713 | 73 | (10.2) | 1.99 (1.53 to 2.58) | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.40) |
| ≥6 | 353 | 87 | (24.6) | 5.70 (4.39 to 7.40) | 1.81 (1.32 to 2.47) |
| Number of incarcerations during study period | |||||
| 1 | 7657 | 263 | (3.4) | Reference | Reference |
| 2 | 1752 | 135 | (7.7) | 2.35 (1.89 to 2.91) | 2.32 (1.84 to 2.93) |
| 3 | 652 | 101 | (15.5) | 5.15 (4.03 to 6.59) | 4.86 (3.66 to 6.45) |
| ≥4 | 767 | 201 | (26.2) | 9.98 (8.15 to 12.23) | 8.61 (6.59 to 11.25) |
| Current drug use | |||||
| Yes | 4411 | 403 | (9.1) | 2.07 (1.77 to 2.42) | 1.24 (1.02 to 1.50) |
| No | 6417 | 297 | (4.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Physical assault history | |||||
| Yes | 2501 | 179 | (7.2) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.33) | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.11) |
| No | 7641 | 494 | (6.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 686 | 27 | (3.9) | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.88) | 1.53 (0.84 to 2.78) |
| Sexual abuse history | |||||
| Yes | 1890 | 159 | (8.4) | 1.38 (1.14 to 1.66) | 1.00 (0.79 to 1.28) |
| No | 8309 | 520 | (6.4) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 629 | 21 | (3.3) | 0.52 (0.33 to 0.81) | 1.02 (0.49 to 2.11) |
| Intimate partner violence history | |||||
| Yes | 1558 | 140 | (9.0) | 1.48 (1.22 to 1.80) | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.29) |
| No | 8585 | 536 | (6.2) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 685 | 24 | (3.5) | 0.55 (0.36 to 0.83) | 1.23 (0.73 to 2.07) |
| Condom use with current sex partner(s)* | |||||
| Yes | 3330 | 349 | (10.5) | 2.36 (2.01 to 2.77) | 1.76 (1.47 to 2.10) |
| No | 6453 | 305 | (4.7) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 1045 | 46 | (4.4) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.28) | 1.00 (0.64 to 1.54) |
| Number of current sex partners* | |||||
| 0 | 2112 | 75 | (3.6) | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 6833 | 425 | (6.2) | 1.80 (1.40 to 2.31) | 1.53 (1.17 to 2.00) |
| 2–3 | 703 | 91 | (12.9) | 4.04 (2.94 to 5.56) | 2.56 (1.80 to 3.63) |
| 4+ | 284 | 70 | (24.6) | 8.88 (6.23 to 12.67) | 4.57 (3.05 to 6.89) |
| Unknown | 896 | 39 | (4.3) | 1.24 (0.83 to 1.84) | 1.69 (1.01 to 2.83) |
| Pregnant during study period | |||||
| Yes | 639 | 66 | (10.3) | 1.71 (1.31 to 2.24) | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.35) |
| No | 9963 | 628 | (6.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 226 | 6 | (2.7) | 0.41 (0.18 to 0.92) | 0.91 (0.38 to 2.18) |
| Clinical status | |||||
| Ever Chlamydia-positive | |||||
| Yes | 623 | 85 | (13.6) | 2.34 (1.84 to 2.99) | 1.55 (1.17 to 2.05) |
| No | 9492 | 600 | (6.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Not tested | 713 | 15 | (2.1) | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.54) | N/A† |
| Ever Gonorrhoea-positive | |||||
| Yes | 167 | 30 | (18.0) | 3.11 (2.08 to 4.65) | 1.46 (0.92 to 2.33) |
| No | 9948 | 655 | (6.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Not tested | 713 | 15 | (2.1) | 0.31 (0.18 to 0.51) | 0.41 (0.22 to 0.78) |
| HIV status | |||||
| Positive | 975 | 76 | (7.8) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 0.95 (0.71 to 1.27) |
| Negative | 6585 | 499 | (7.6) | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 3268 | 125 | (3.8) | 0.49 (0.40 to 0.59) | 0.94 (0.76 to 1.18) |
*Reported at first incarceration during study period.
†OR not generated as parameter set to 0 in model (equal to linear combination of other parameters).
NH, non-Hispanic, API, Asian/Pacific Islander.