Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the trial groups (mean or frequency and 95% CI)
| Intervention | Control | p-value | Missing (n in groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
96 |
89 |
|
|
| Age of mother before pregnancy (years) |
30.9 (29.7 to 32.0) |
30.1 (29.0 to 31.2) |
0.37 a |
- |
| Mother’s education |
|
|
0.82 c |
- |
| Low |
32.3% (23.8% to 42.2%) |
28.1% (19.8% to 38.2%) |
|
|
| Medium |
43.8% (34.3% to 53.8%) |
46.1% (36.1% to 56.4%) |
|
|
| High |
24.0% (16.6% to 33.4%) |
25.8% (17.8% to 35.8%) |
|
|
| Father’s education |
|
|
0.27 c |
1, 4 |
| Low |
34.7% (25.9% to 44.7%) |
35.3% (26.0% to 45.9%) |
|
|
| Medium |
36.8% (27.8% to 46.8%) |
45.9% (35.7% to 56.4%) |
|
|
| High |
28.4% (20.3% to 38.2%) |
18.8% (11.9% to 28.4%) |
|
|
| Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) |
27.5 (26.6 to 28.5) |
26.6 (25.7 to 27.4) |
0.15 a |
- |
| Proportion of obese mothers (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) |
26.0% (18.3% to 35.6%) |
19.1% (12.3% to 28.5%) |
0.26 c |
- |
| Father’s BMI (kg/m2) |
27.3 (26.5 to 28.1) |
27.1 (26.2 to 28.0) |
0.86 b |
2, 6 |
| Proportion of obese fathers (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) |
20.2% (13.3% to 29.4%) |
16.9% (10.3% to 26.4%) |
0.57 c |
2, 6 |
| Mother, Type −2 Diabetes |
0.0% (0.0% to 3.9%) |
1.1% (0.2% to 6.1%) |
0.48 d |
1, 0 |
| Father, Type −2 Diabetes |
1.1% (0.2% to 5.8%) |
1.1% (0.2% to 6.2%) |
1.00 d |
2, 2 |
| Proportion of obese grandparent (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) |
56.8% (46.4% to 66.7%) |
63.1% (52.4% to 72.6%) |
0.40 c |
8, 5 |
| Proportion of a grandparent having type −2 Diabetes |
39.1% (29.8% to 49.3%) |
43.2% (33.0% to 54.1%) |
0.59 c |
4, 8 |
| Parity |
|
|
0.24 c |
- |
| Primiparous |
57.3% (47.3% to 66.7%) |
43.8% (35.0% to 55.3%) |
|
|
| Second pregnancy |
26.0% (18.3% to 35.6%) |
32.6% (23.7% to 42.9%) |
|
|
| At least third pregnancy |
16.7% (10.5% to 25.4%) |
23.6% (15.0% to 32.2%) |
|
|
| History of newborn >4500 g |
2.1% (0.6% to 7.4%) |
3.4% (1.2% to 9.4%) |
0.60 c |
1, 0 |
| Mother smoking during pregnancy |
5.2% (2.2% to 11.6%) |
11.2% (6.2% to 19.5%) |
0.13 c |
- |
| Mother’s physical activity (hours/week) during first trimester of pregnancy (before intervention)* | 4.5 (3.9 to 5.1) | 4.7 (3.8 to 5.6) | 0.41 b | 2, 5 |
a Independent Samples T-test, b Mann–Whitney U-test, c Chi-Square Test, d Fisher’s Exact Test.
BMI = body mass index; CI, confidence interval; *level of at least slightly out of breath.