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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Radiol Rep. 2013 Feb 14;1(2):102–114. doi: 10.1007/s40134-013-0010-3

Table 1.

Approximate CEST Exchange Properties for Amide (−NH), Amine (−NH2), and Hydroxyl (−OH) Groups

Amide Protons
(−NH)		 Amine Protons
(−NH2)		 Hydroxyl Protons
(−OH)
Chemical Shift 3.5 ppm 1.8-3.0 ppm 0.5 - 1.5 ppm
Exchange Rate
(ksw) Range 		10-100 s−1 > 500 s−1 500-1500 s−1
Endogenous
Metabolites 		Multiple Unknown Glutamate (Glu),
Creatine (Cr)		 Glycosaminoglycans
(GAG), Glycogen, Myo-
Inositol (MI), Glucose
CESTasym 1 1-4 % 7-10% 2-8%
Sensitivity to pH Yes Yes Yes
CEST
Applications 		Cancer/Stroke Skeletal Muscle and
Myocardial Muscle
Energetics, Cancer
Metabolism (Cr),
Neuropsychiatric
Disorders (Glu)		 Osteoarthritis (GAG),
Neurological Disorders
(MI), Cancer Metabolism
(Glucose)
1

At 7T under physiological conditions