Table 2.
Prescription Opioid Difficulties Scale (PODS) scores: Mean total and subscale scores by opioid dose. a
| Opioid Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables included in adjusted model b |
1-19mg | 20-49mg | 50-119mg | 120+mg | p-value c |
| PODS Total Score (SE of the mean) | |||||
| Unadjusted except for health plan |
6.6 (0.58) | 9.8 (0.84) | 11.8 (0.56) | 15.2 (0.64) | <.001 |
| Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, pain intensity, pain days, Charlson Score, Pain Impact Scale, opioid type, selfreported substance problem, health plan |
8.3 (0.68) | 10.3 (0.77) | 11.5 (0.56) | 13.9 (0.77) | <.001 |
| PODS Psychosocial Problems Subscale (SE of the mean) | |||||
|
Unadjusted except for health plan |
3.1 (0.35) | 4.6 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.3) | 7.6 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, pain intensity, pain days, Charlson Score, Pain Impact Scale, opioid type, selfreported substance problem, health plan |
4.2 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.45) | 5.1 (0.34) | 6.7 (0.48) | 0.004 |
| PODS Control Concerns Subscale (SE of the mean) | |||||
| Unadjusted except for health plan |
3.5 (0.34) | 5.2 (0.42) | 6.4 (0.31) | 7.5 (0.34) | <.001 |
| Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, pain intensity, pain days, Charlson Score, Pain Impact Scale, opioid type, selfreported substance problem, health plan |
4.1 (0.40) | 5.4 (0.40) | 6.4 (0.31) | 7.2 (0.40) | <.001 |
a
Higher PODS score indicates that patients attributed more problems to their use of opioid pain medications. Least square means adjusted for indicated variables.
b
Sex, dose, education, health plan, self-reported substance problem, and opioid type entered in the model as class variables; remaining variables are continuous
c
P-values and standard errors corrected for stratified design