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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Phys Disabil. 2012 Nov 20;25(3):355–371. doi: 10.1007/s10882-012-9316-y

Table 3.

Between treatment groups (expressed as mean % or raw score)

SOAP Variable
(P = Parent;
C = Child)
MED Only
COMBINED
Adjusted Mean
Differenced(SE)
p-valuee Effect sizef Effect sizeg
Baseline Endpoint Baseline Endpoint
Free Play
Inappropriate %a(C) 23 (25) 20 (20) 19 (23) 15 (21) −0.05 (0.04) 0.24 0.21 0.24
Restrictive Raw 1.06 (2.10) 1.12 (1.79) 0.78 (1.44) 1.09 (1.81) 0.15 (0.30) 0.62 0.09 0.08
   Scoreb(P)
Positive Raw 1.67 (2.48) 2.15 (3.51) 1.14 (1.64) 2.28 (3.01) 0.26 (0.29) 0.36 0.13 0.38
   Scoreb(P)
Social Attention
Inappropriate %a(C) 31 (30) 33 (30) 33 (29) 27 (25) −0.07 (0.06) 0.20 0.24 0.26
Restrictive Raw 1.25 (1.71) 1.12 (1.98) 1.51 (3.53) 0.37 (1.06) −1.20 (0.37) 0.001 0.40 0.82
   Scoreb(P)
Positive Raw 0.22 (0.48) 0.32 (1.17) 0.35 (0.99) 0.65 (1.27) 0.63 (0.46) 0.15 0.76 0.51
   Scoreb(P)
Demand
Inappropriate %a(C) 41 (30) 32 (24) 40 (26) 27 (20) −0.05 (0.05) 0.25 0.18 0.23
% Compliancea(C) 78 (23) 81 (22) 74 (26) 86 (18) 0.04 (0.04) 0.39 0.16 0.20
Restrictive Raw 1.47 (1.73) 1.41 (2.23) 1.51 (2.23) 1.09 (1.97) −0.41 (0.30) 0.17 0.20 0.22
   Scoreb(P)
Positive Raw 1.56 (2.02) 1.94 (2.36) 1.42 (1.94) 2.70 (2.76) 0.34 (0.24) 0.15 0.17 0.13
   Scoreb(P)
Repeated Raw 10.44 (8.41) 8.38 (7.88) 10.11 (6.34) 6.61 (5.71) −1.12 (1.28) 0.38 0.16 0.17
   Scoreb(P)
% Contingent 43 (31) 34 (19) 37 (27) 46 (30) 0.17 (0.06) 0.01 0.59 0.64
   Reinforcementa(P)
Tangible Restriction
Inappropriate %a(C) 40 (24) 37 (25) 43 (29) 31 (24) −0.07 (0.05) 0.19 0.26 0.29
Restrictive Raw 1.88 (2.71) 2.15 (2.92) 2.56 (3.74) 1.29 (1.53) −0.57 (0.28) 0.046 0.17 0.27
   Scoreb(P)
Positive Raw 1.06 (1.70) 1.21 (1.76) 1.18 (2.13) 1.80 (2.60) 0.33 (0.22) 0.30 0.17 0.14
   Scoreb(P)

SOAP Standardized Observation Analogue Procedure; SE standard error

a

Based upon % of intervals behavior observed (30 ten-second intervals)

b

Based upon number intervals behavior was observed (out of a possible 30)

c

Data are presented as (unadjusted) Mean (SD)

d

Adjusted Mean Difference means a difference of Least Squares Means from ANCOVA model controlling for Baseline score and site

e

P-value from ANCOVA model adjusting for Baseline score and site. Bold indicates p-value less than 0.05. Bold indicates P-value less than 0.05

f

Effect size calculated from adjusted mean difference divided by pooled standard deviation at baseline

g

Effect size calculated from adjusted mean difference divided by pooled standard deviation at endpoint