Effect of feeding vitamin B1 precursors on Arabidopsis. (A) Eleven-day-old wild-type (WT) and thiC seedlings (SAIL_793_H10) were grown on half-strength basal salt medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) containing 0.5% agar, with or without HMP, HET, HMP and HET, or thiamin (1 μM each, where present). The seeds were stratified at 4°C for 3 days before transfer to a growth chamber maintained under long-day conditions (16 h of light at 150 μmol photons m-2 s-1, 22°C; 8 h dark at 18°C). (B–D) HPLC analysis of the B1 vitamer content (TPP, TMP, thiamin, respectively) in wild-type (WT) or thiC after addition of HMP, HET, HMP and HET, or thiamin (1 μM each, where present). In each case, 30 mg of fresh seedling tissue was used. The results shown are the average of three biological replicates. The asterisks denote significant differences between the values of the bars highlighted in red as determined from a two-sided t-test, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1.