Table 5.
Multilevel models predicting health behavior change (Wave 2 – Wave 1) mediated by individual- and team-level negative work-to-home spillover change (Wave 2 – Wave 1).
| Multilevel logistic model (in odds) |
Multilevel Poisson model (in incident rates) |
Multilevel linear model | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excessive drinking (Wave 2) |
Smoking frequency (wave 2) |
Exercise frequency (Wave 2) |
Perceived adequate time for sleep (Wave 2) |
Perceived adequate time for healthy meals (Wave 2) |
|||||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Level one: individual level | |||||||||||||||
| Lagged dependent variable | 18.15*** | 18.36*** | 18.68*** | 1.29*** | 1.30*** | 1.29*** | 1.29*** | 1.28*** | 1.28*** | 0.57*** | 0.57*** | 0.57*** | 0.50*** | 0.49*** | 0.50*** |
| (5.98) | (6.08) | (6.23) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.02) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| Woman | 0.52* | 0.51* | 0.51* | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.12+ | 1.13* | 1.13* | 0.28+ | 0.31 + | 0.28+ | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.15 |
| (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.16) | |
| Holds a manager position | 1.29 | 1.25 | 1.27 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.09 | −0.26 | −0.31 + | −0.26 |
| (0.44) | (0.43) | (0.43) | (0.16) | (0.16) | (0.17) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | (0.18) | |
| Home ecologies (Wave 1, Ref. = Singles, high home control) | |||||||||||||||
| Adult care providers, low home control | 1.27 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | −0.47+ | −0.39 | −0.47+ | −0.51 + | −0.43 | −0.51 + |
| (0.69) | (0.73) | (0.68) | (0.26) | (0.28) | (0.26) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.27) | (0.28) | (0.27) | (0.27) | (0.28) | (0.27) | |
| Married, ave. home control | 2.24* | 2.32* | 2.19+ | 1.42* | 1.57** | 1.43* | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.15 |
| (0.90) | (0.93) | (0.88) | (0.24) | (0.25) | (0.24) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | (0.20) | |
| Parents, preschooler, low home control | 1.45 | 1.56 | 1.49 | 1.07 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.86 | −0.21 | −0.11 | −0.21 | −0.41 | −0.33 | −0.42 |
| (0.80) | (0.86) | (0.82) | (0.30) | (0.33) | (0.31) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.27) | (0.27) | (0.27) | (0.26) | (0.27) | (0.26) | |
| Parents, child chronic health, low home control | 1.64 | 1.77 | 1.69 | 1.70* | 1.81** | 1.78** | 0.77+ | 0.76+ | 0.76+ | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.42 | −0.41 | −0.44 |
| (1.21) | (1.31) | (1.26) | (0.37) | (0.39) | (0.39) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.35) | (0.36) | (0.35) | (0.35) | (0.35) | (0.35) | |
| Baseline spillover clusters (Ref. = Low overall spillover) | |||||||||||||||
| High negative spillover | 1.10 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.88 | −0.73** | −0.59** | −0.74*** | −1.18*** | −1.08*** | −1.20*** |
| (0.47) | (0.53) | (0.50) | (0.18) | (0.19) | (0.18) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.22) | (0.23) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.22) | (0.22) | |
| High positive spillover | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 0.87+ | 0.88+ | 0.87+ | −0.35+ | −0.26 | −0.35+ | −0.59** | −0.52* | −0.59** |
| (0.51) | (0.54) | (0.51) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.18) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.21) | (0.22) | (0.21) | (0.21) | (0.22) | (0.21) | |
| No. of life events | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.85* | 0.86+ | 0.85* | 0.95+ | 0.95* | 0.95+ | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.05 | −0.12+ | −0.16* | −0.13+ |
| (btw Wave 1 and Wave 2) | (0.15) | (0.14) | (0.15) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) |
| ΔNeg work-to-home spillover | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 0.88* | 0.95 | −0.88*** | −0.82*** | −0.81*** | −0.73*** | |||||
| (0.25) | (0.25) | (0.14) | (0.14) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.15) | (0.17) | (0.15) | (0.17) | ||||||
| Level two: team level | |||||||||||||||
| ROWE | 0.53* | 0.57+ | 0.57+ | 0.74* | 0.82 | 0.81 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.63*** | 0.56*** | 0.58*** |
| (0.17) | (0.19) | (0.19) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.16) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.16) | (0.17) | (0.17) | |
| Team ΔMean of negative work-to-home spillover | 1.34 | 1.83 | 1.53 | 1.96* | 0.70** | 0.74* | −1.04*** | −0.28 | −1.06*** | −0.38 | |||||
| (0.78) | (1.20) | (0.44) | (0.66) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.31) | (0.34) | (0.31) | (0.34) | ||||||
| Constant | 0.07*** | 0.06*** | 0.07*** | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 2.75*** | 2.62*** | 2.76*** | 3.30*** | 3.25*** | 3.31*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.22) | (0.19) | (0.22) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.33) | (0.34) | (0.33) | (0.32) | (0.33) | (0.32) | |
| Observations | 467 | 467 | 467 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 | 531 |
| Number of groups | 129 | 129 | 129 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 130 |
| Team variance | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Individual variance | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.230 | 3.370 | 3.226 | 3.179 | 3.286 | 3.172 |
| BIC | 328 | 329 | 330 | 328 | 327 | 326 | 1824 | 1820 | 1821 | 2224 | 2246 | 2229 | 2215 | 2233 | 2220 |
Notes: 1. The models for excessive drinking at Wave 2 (columns 1–3) are restricted to persons who drank in Wave 1. The models for smoking frequency at Wave 2 (columns 4–6) are restricted to persons who smoked in Wave 1; 2. For each of the five outcomes, three multilevel models are estimated. The first model estimates the mediating effect of individual-level negative work-to-home spillover change on health behavior change. The second model estimates the mediating effect of team-level negative work-to-home spillover change on health behavior change. The third model estimates the simultaneous mediating effects of individual- and team-level negative work-to-home spillover change on health behavior change; 3. Team variance is the variance in the outcome between teams, after adjusting for the covariates. Individual variance is the variance in the outcome within teams, after adjusting for the covariates. These two variances are only meaningful for continuous outcomes, so no corresponding figures are reported for categorical outcomes of excessive drinking and smoking frequency; 4. Standard errors in parentheses.
p < 0.001,
p < 0.01,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.1.