Table 1.
|
Measurement |
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Depression/depressive symptoms | Obesity | Age, mean (range) | n | Results |
Longitudinal design | |||||
(Merten et al. 2008)24 Add Health | CESD | BMI: self-report | (12–18) at baseline | 4102 | • Obesitya→DS for Whites and Blacks |
(Needham et al. 2010)12,b CARDIA |
CESD | BMI, WC: objective | 30 at baseline | 4643 | • No BMI→DS association for Whites or Blacks • No WC→DS association for Whites or Blacks |
(Sachs-Ericsson et al. 2007)c EPESE |
CESD | BMI: self-report | 73 for Whites at baseline; 72 for Blacks at baseline | 2406 | • Obesity→DS for Blacks but not Whites |
Cross-sectional design | |||||
(BeLue et al. 2009)d NSCH |
Depression/anxiety problem: parent-reporte | BMI: parent-report | (12–17) | 35,184 | • Obesity associated with depression/anxiety for Whites and Hispanics but not Blacks |
(Dong et al. 2004) | History of treatment for depression | BMI: objective | (14+) | 1003 | • BMI associated with depression for Whites and Blacks |
(Heo et al. 2006)29 BRFSS |
≥7, ≥14 days depressed mood in last 30 days | BMI: self-report | (18+) | 19,997 | • Obesity associated with ≥7-day depressed mood for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics • Obesity associated with ≥14-day depressed mood for Whites but not Blacks or Hispanics |
(Gavin et al. 2010) CPES |
CIDI | BMI: self-report | 44 | 8299 | • Obesity associated with 12-month MDD for Whites, but not Blacks or Hispanics |
(Carpenter et al. 2000)30 NLAES |
AUDADIS | BMI: self-report | 44f | 23,322 | • Obesity associated with depression for Whites and Blacks |
(Simon et al. 2006)32,g NCS-R |
CIDI | BMI: self-report | 45 | 9125 | • Obesity associated with lifetime mood disorder in Whites but not Blacks or Hispanics |
(Blazer et al. 2002)23,h EPESE |
CESD | BMI: self-report | (65+) | 4162 | • Blacks and Whites showed similar high BMI/DS comorbidity |
Note: If associations are reported, they are positive.
Obesity in children and adolescents is determined to be a BMI≥95th percentile based on gender-specific percentiles developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Analyses were not stratified/interacted with both race/ethnicity and gender, so there are no racial/ethnic comparisons in women only. Neither men nor women showed the BMI→DS or waist→DS association.
Analyses were not stratified by gender; however, interactions with race and gender were not statistically significant. Interactions with race alone were statistically significant.
Analyses were not stratified/interacted by gender. Results presented were stratified by race/ethnicity, adjusting for gender.
Parents were asked the question: “Has a health professional ever told you that your child has a problem with depression or anxiety?”
Mean age was reported only for the entire sample, which included both men and women. Mean age, stratified by BMI category, and gender was reported for women as: underweight, 40; normal 46; obese, 47.
Results were not reported stratified by race and gender, so results reported here are for men and women together.
Results were not reported stratified by gender, so results reported here are for men and women together.
→ is associated with “later”; Add Health, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; AUDIDIS, Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule; BMI, body mass index; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CESD, Center for Epidemiology Studies—Depression; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CPES, Comprehensive Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys; DS, depressive symptoms; EPESE, Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly; MDD, major depressive disorder; NCS-R, National Comorbidity Survey Replication; NLAES, National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study; NSCH, National Study of Children's Health; WC, waist circumference.