Table 2.

Summary of the potential causes of chronic inflammation in chronic kidney disease (adapted from Cheung et al. [26]).

Causes of inflammation in CKD	Additional inflammatory factors relating to dialysis
(i) Decreased GFR (ii) Decreased clearance or increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (iii) Volume overload (iv) Oxidative stress (v) Carbonyl stress (vi) Deteriorating nutritional state and food intake (vii) Alterations in body composition (viii) Uraemic toxins (ix) Infection (x) Genetic and epigenetic factors	(i) Intravenous catheter, peritoneal dialysis catheter and its related infections (ii) Dialysis membranes with poor biocompatibility (iii) Impurities in dialysis water and dialysate (iv) Back-filtration or back-diffusion of contaminants (v) Constant exposure to peritoneal dialysis solution (vi) Peritonitis

CKD: chronic kidney disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.