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Contrast energy thresholds for human observers (small solid circles, large open circles and solid line, left ordinate) and the ideal observer (small open circles and dashed line, right ordinate) for the Dynamic, Reversed, and Shuffled facial expression stimuli. Each solid circle corresponds to an individual human participant; large open circles correspond to the mean threshold across human participants in each condition. Error bars on each mean correspond to ±1 SEM.
