Table 2.
Most frequent β-thalassemia mutations in Arab countries
| Country (no of chromosomes) | % of most common β-thalassemia mutations in Arab countries and their origin | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IVS-1–110 (G>A) | IVS-I-1 (G>A) | IVS-II-1 (G>A) | Codon 5 (−CT) | IVS-II-745(C>G) | Codon 37 (G>A) | IVS-I-6 (T>C) | Codon 39 (C>T) | Codon 6 (−A) | IVS-I-5 (G>C) | IVS-I −25 bp | Codon 8/9 (+G) | Codon 44 (−C) | Codon 8 (−AA) | Other frequent mutations | ||
| East MED | East MED | East MED | East MED | East MED | East MED | MED | West MED | North African | Asian-Indian | Asian Indian | Asian-Indian | Kurdish | Turkish | |||
| Algeria (210) | 26.4 | 9.1 | 0.9 | – | – | – | 6.2 | 25.9 | 12.9 | 1.5 | – | – | – | 0.9 | Boudrahem-Addour et al. (2009) | |
| Algeria (239) | 24.6 | 11.7 | – | – | 0.9 | – | 3.3 | 27.6 | 17.1 | 0.4 | – | – | – | – | −29 (A>G; 3.8 %); IVS1–2 (T>C; 3.3 %) | Bennani et al. (1994) |
| Bahrain (66) | 1.5 | 3 | 6.1 | – | – | 24.2 | 16.7 | 36.1 | 1.5 | 4.5 | – | Jassim et al. (1998) | ||||
| Egypt (51) | 31.4 | 17.6 | 5.9 | 2 | 5.9 | – | 17.6 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | −87 (C>G; 7.8 %) | Hussein et al. (2007) |
| Egypt (95 pts) | 25.8 | 19 | 2.1 | – | 6.4 | 1 | 36.3 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | −87 (C>G; 3.2 %); IVS-II-848 (1.6 %) | El-Gawhary et al. (2007)* |
| Egypt (71) | 41 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.4 | 13 | 1.4 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | IVS-II-848 (11.0 %) | Hussein et al. (1993) |
| Upper Egypt (188) | 57.4 | 9.6 | 5.3 | 20.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | −87 (C>G; 4.3 %) | Jiffri et al. (2010) | ||||||||
| Iraq, Northern (375) | 7.7 | 12.8 | 24.5 | 7.5 | 0.3 | – | 5.1 | 4.8 | – | 4.8 | – | 10.1 | 4.5 | 10.9 | Al-Allawi et al. (2006), Al-Allawi et al. (2010a), and Jalal et al. (2010) | |
| Jordan (240) | 25 | 10 | 15 | 3.8 | 14.2 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | – | – | – | 0.8 | Sadiq et al. (2001) | |
| Kuwait (123) | 6.5 | 5.7 | 25.2 | – | – | – | 5.7 | 15.4 | – | 14.6 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 5.7 | Codon 36/37 (−T; 9.8 %) | Adekile et al. (1994) |
| Lebanon (520) | 34.2 | 15 | 8.7 | 5 | 1.2 | – | 14.4 | <1 | – | – | – | – | 1.2 | 2.5 | Codon 29 (C>T; 9.6 %) | Makhoul et al. (2005) |
| Morocco (187) | 3.21 | 8.56 | – | – | 0.53 | – | 13.9 | 26.2 | 13.37 | 0.5 | 0.5 | – | – | 9.63 | −29 (A>G; 4.28 %); IVS1–2 (T>C;2.14 %) | Lemsaddek et al. (2004) |
| Morocco (158) | 5.7 | 5.06 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 3.16 | 3.16 | 26.58 | 5.7 | 13.91 | −29 (A>G; 6.33 %); IVS1–2 (T>C;5.06 %) | Agouti et al. (2008) | |||||
| Oman (174) | 0.5 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 73 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 1.1 | – | Codon 30 (G>C) (4.5 %) | Hassan et al. (2010) | |||
| Oman (99 pt) | 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | – | 1.0 | – | 61.6 | 5.6 | – | – | – | 619 bp deletion (4 %); Hb Dhofar (6.6 %) | Daar et al. (1998) |
| Palestinian WB (136) | 9.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 8.1 | – | 11.3 | 48.5 | 2.2 | – | – | – | 2.9 | – | El-Latif et al. (2002) | ||
| Palestinian WB & Gaza (88 carrier couples) | 22.2 | 9.7 | 6.2 | 8 | 12 | 13.6 | 9 | 8.5 | 2.8 | |||||||
| Palestinian WB (148) | 17.6 | 9 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 10.4 | 28.7 | 4.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | – | 1.4 | – | – | Codon 106/107 (+G; 6.8 %); IVS-II-848 (2.5 %) | Darwish et al. (2005) |
| Palestinian Gaza | 37.5 | 20 | 1.0 | 10 | – | 1.0 | 7.5 | 11.5 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | Ayesh et al. (2005) and Filon et al. (1995) | |
| Qatar (65) | 6.2 | 1.5 | 9.2 | – | – | – | – | 1.5 | – | 35.4 | 6.2 | 26.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | Codon 15 (G>A; 3.1 %) | Al-Obaidli et al. (2007) |
| Saudi Arabia, Eastern (88) | – | 5.8 | 27.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | – | 4.4 | 20.3 | – | 23.2 | 4.4 | – | 1.5 | Al-Ali et al. (2005) | ||
| Saudi Arabia, Eastern (196 pts) | 2.55 | 3.83 | 22.2 | 3.06 | 0.51 | 7.14 | 25 | 13.3 | 13 | 1.53 | 0.51 | 2.08 | Al-Sultan et al. (2011) | |||
| Saudi Arabia, Eastern (53) | 15.1 | 32.1 | 1.9 | 22.6 | 3.8 | 7.5 | 15.1 | El-Harth et al. (1999) | ||||||||
| Saudi Arabia, Western (297) | 13.5 | 4 | 17.5 | 2.4 | 1 | 7.7 | 19.2 | 2.7 | 7.4 | 2 | 2 | Codon 26 (G>A); HbE (9.1 %) | Abuzenadah et al. (2011) | |||
| Saudi Arabia (186) | 26.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 1.07 | El-Hazmi et al. (1995) | |||||||||
| Syria (141) | 24.1 | 17.0 | 4.2 | 8.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 6.4 | – | – | 0.7 | 1.4 | – | 0.7 | −30 (T>A; 7.1 %); Codon 15 (G>A; 3.5 %) | Kyriacou et al. (2000) |
| Tunisia (118) | 10.81 | 4.32 | 1.62 | – | 2.16 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 43.78 | 7.02 | 3.24 | – | – | 1.62 | 0.54 | IVS-II-849 (A>C; 4.32 %) | Chouk et al. (2004) |
| Tunisia (475) | 21 | 4.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.6 | – | 0.6 | 49 | 2.6 | 1.0 | – | – | 3.8 | 0.2 | IVS-I-2 (T>G; 3.0 %) | Fattoum et al. (2004) |
| Tunisia (121) | 15.7 | 3.31 | – | – | – | – | 2.48 | 48.76 | 1.65 | – | – | – | 1.65 | – | IVS-I-2 (T>G; 19.83 %) | Laradi et al. (2000) |
| UAE (647) | 1.2 | – | 3.6 | 2.6 | – | 0.2 | 1.6 | 2.8 | – | 56.7 | 11.0 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 2.8 | HbS alleles excluded | Baysal (2011) |
| UAE (626) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 1.6 | – | 0.2 | 1.6 | 2.7 | – | 47.6 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 1.9 | The series included 21.9 % HbS alleles | Baysal (2005) |