Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies (N=40)

First author and reference	Location	Data collection methods*	Research question or focus	Population included	QA
Airey [10,11]	Edinburgh	Individual interviews	Effects of place on wellbeing, esp. physical incivilities	Women aged 45-59	A
Alexander [12,13]	Newcastle-upon-Tyne	Focus groups and participatory methods	Effects of FoC on social inclusion and citizenship	Young people aged 16-25	C
Bannister [14]	Glasgow	Focus groups	Relations between physical environment and FoC	General population	C
Burgess [15-17]	Hertfordshire; nr Nottingham	Focus groups and participant observation	Perceptions of woodland and associated FoC	General population, esp. women	B
Cozens [18]	S Wales	Questionnaires, focus groups, virtual reality ‘walk-through’	Perceptions of safety in railway stations	General population	C
Crime Concern [19]	NR	Focus groups	Perceptions of safety in pedestrian journeys	General population	C
Crime Concern [20]	Various (England & Wales)	Focus groups, escorted journeys	Perceptions of safety and FoC on public transport	General population	C
Davis [21]	Birmingham	Questionnaires, focus groups	Perceptions of risk, esp. relating to transport	Children and young people aged 9-14	C
Day [22]	Glasgow and environs	Individual interviews, focus groups, observation	Effects of physical environment on wellbeing	Older people aged >60	A
Dixey [23]	Leeds	Individual interviews	Parents’ perceptions of child safety	Mothers of primary-school-aged children	B
Farrall [24-27]	London; Glasgow	Individual interviews	Perceptions of crime and the environment	General population	B
Girling [28-30]	Macclesfield; Prestbury (Cheshire)	Individual interviews, focus groups, observation	Perceptions of crime	General population	B
Goodey [31,32]	N England	Questionnaires, focus groups	Gender differences in FoC	Young people aged 11-16	C
Hollway [33,34]	NR	Individual interviews	Experiences of FoC	General population	C
Hopkins [35]	Glasgow	Individual interviews, focus groups	Experiences of FoC	Young Muslim men aged 16-25	C
Innes [36]	Blackpool; Oldham; London	Individual interviews	Perceptions of crime, anti-social behaviour and physical incivilities	General population	C
Jones [37]	NR	Focus groups	Perceptions of risk and constraints on behaviour; ethnic differences	Young women aged 11–14, most Asian	B
Koskela [38-40]	Edinburgh	Individual interviews	Relation between FoC and built environment	Women	B
Little [41]	Devon	Individual interviews	FoC in rural areas	Women	B
Mitchell [42]	NE England	Individual interviews	Mothers’ perceptions of risk for children	Young mothers aged 15-24	C
Moran [43-45]	Manchester; Lancaster	Individual interviews, focus groups	Fear of violence and its relation to spatiality	Lesbians and gay men	C
Nayak [46]	NE England	Questionnaires	Experiences of FoC	Young people aged 12-15	C
Nelson [47]	Cardiff; Gloucester; Worcester	Individual interviews	Perceptions of security shutters	General population	C
Pain [48,49]	Newcastle-upon-Tyne and environs	Individual and couple interviews	Perceptions of crime	Older people	C
Pain [50]	Newcastle-upon-Tyne	Focus groups	Perceptions of safety	General population	B
Pain [51,52]	Gateshead	Focus groups, questionnaires, participatory methods	Perceptions of risk and leisure time; role of mobile phones	Young people aged 10-16	C
Pain [53]	Northumberland	Focus groups, observation	Perceptions of street lighting and FoC	General population	B
Parry [54]	W Midlands	Focus groups	Effects of community factors on health	Young people aged 16–20 and older people aged >60	B
Seabrook [55]	N England	Pair interviews, participatory methods	Perceptions of risk, place and leisure time	Girls and young women aged 10–17	C
Squires [56]	Brighton	Individual interviews	Evaluation of CCTV system	General population	C
Taylor [57]	Manchester; Sheffield	Focus groups	Wellbeing and social change	General population	C
Trayers [58]	SW England	Focus groups	Views on planned neighbourhood renewal intervention	General population	A
Turner [59]	Glasgow and environs	Individual interviews, focus groups	Perceptions of risk and safety	Children and young people aged 8–14	A
Valentine [60-63]	Reading	Individual interviews, focus groups	Fear of male violence and perceptions of public space	Women	A
Valentine [64]	Peak District	Individual and couple interviews	Parents’ views of children’s safety in rural area	Parents of 8-11-year-old children	C
Walklate [65,66]	Salford	Individual interviews, focus groups, observation, content analysis	Perceptions of risk, FoC and community	General population	C
Waters [67]	Glamorgan; Loughborough	Questionnaires, focus groups, virtual reality ‘walk-throughs’	Perceptions of safety on university campuses	University staff and students	A
Waters [68,69]	S Wales	Focus groups, virtual reality ‘walk-throughs’	Perceptions of crime, FoC and community	Older people aged >65	A
Watson [70]	Leeds	Individual interviews, observation	Experiences of risk w/r/t leisure time	Young mothers	C
Whitley [71,72]	London	Individual interviews, focus groups, observation	Impact of FoC on mental health	General population; people with mental health problems	A

*For mixed-methods studies, this column refers to the qualitative component only. Abbreviations: CCTV = closed-circuit television; FoC = fear of crime.