Figure 1.

Schematic drawings of the neuronal signaling pathways of anorexigenic and anxiogenic-like action in goldfish. ODN and CCK-induced anorexigenic actions are mediated by α-MSH-signaling pathway, and the anorexigenic actions of NMU, PACAP, and α-MSH are mediated by CRH- and subsequent GnRH2-signaling pathways. CRH also evokes anxiogenic-like action. Abbreviations: NMU, neuromedin U; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; ODN, octadecaneuropeptide; CCK, cholecystokinin; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; GnRH2, gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2.