Figure 6. The known record of embryos and associated eggshell structure explicits the phylogenetic position of the Torvosaurus embryos (ML1188), which occupies a gap at the base of the Theropoda cladogram.

Dashed lines indicate the dubious position of Lourinhanosaurus as an Allosauroidea or as a basal Coelurosauria in the light of the most recent analysis¹⁷. Major clades in bold indicate the presence of associated embryo-eggshell fossils. For attribution information on the individual elements of this figure please see the Supplementary Information.