Table 2.

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

Drug	Use	Dosage	Adverse effects	Mechanism
Abatacept	Monotherapy in moderate severe RA or with DMARDs	500/1000 mg iv for 2 weeks then for 4 weeks	Headache, blood hypertension, nausea, infections respiratory system, vertigo, and severe infection	Modulator of T-lymphocyte activation
Adalimumab	Moderate or severe AR	40 mg sc. for 2 weeks	Myositis, headache, rash, nausea, blood hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and higher plasma transaminases levels	Anti-TNF-α
Anakinra	Monotherapy in moderate/severe RA in patient with ≥1 DMARD not efficacy	100 mg/die sc.	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, fever, and infections of respiratory system	Anti-IL-1
Certolizumab	Moderate or severe AR	400 mg sc. for 2 weeks then 200 mg for 2 weeks	Rash, headache, blood hypertension, fever, and asthenia	Anti-TNF-α
Etanercept	Moderate or severe AR with DMARD	50 mg/weeks sc.	Pain into injection site, infections, headache, rash, vertigo, and asthenia	Anti-TNF-α
Golimumab	RA M/S with MTX	50 mg/month sc.	Blood hypertension, higher plasma transaminases levels, and vertigo, rhinitis	Anti-TNF-α
Infliximab	Moderate or severe AR with MTX	3 mg/kg iv one time then on 2 and 6 weeks	Fever, headache, rash, myalgia, asthenia, dyspnea, and higher plasma transaminases levels	Anti-TNF-α
Rituximab	Moderate or severe AR, with MTX in patient and without response to ≥1 anti-TNF-α agent	1000 mg iv in days 1 and 15 then at 24 weeks	Fever, nausea, hypotension, itching, and myelosuppression	Modulator of B-cell activation