Figure 1.

Evolution of normalized surface area of two sintering TiO₂ nanoparticles (d_p,0 = 3 nm) by MD for constant energy (black line) and conserved temperature (red line) integration at T₀ = 1800 K along with the MD simulations¹⁸ at 1473 K (blue line, constant energy) and the predictions of a phenomenological model³⁵ with characteristic sintering times from equation 2 (green solid line) by Kobata et al.²¹ and equation 4 (green broken line) developed here.