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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 26.
Published in final edited form as: Vaccine. 2013 Mar 14;31(18):2238–2245. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.003

Fig. 5. Proposed model for Tim-3-mediated differential regulation of IL-12 and IL-23 production by monocytes.

Fig. 5

HCV-driven up-regulation of Tim-3 expression on monocytes inhibits IL-12 and enhances IL-23 productions, respectively. This Tim-3-mediated IL-12/IL-23 alteration in innate immunity would lead to a milieu conducive for accumulation of TH17 cells in the adaptive immune response, which might contribute to vaccine non-response during chronic HCV infection.