Table 6.
Effects of Alternate Measures of Junk Food Availability on BMI and Obesity in Fifth Grade
| Log BMI | Obese | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| A. Junk food availability (modal child response) | ||||||
| OLS Estimates | 0.006 | −0.002 | 0.004 | 0.007 | −0.007 | 0.003 |
| [0.005] | [0.005] | [0.004] | [0.010] | [0.011] | [0.008] | |
| IV Estimates | 0.054 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.069 | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| [0.037] | [0.025] | [0.017] | [0.070] | [0.051] | [0.039] | |
| B. Competitive food outleta (school admin) | ||||||
| OLS Estimates | 0.014** | 0.008+ | 0.005 | 0.025** | 0.015+ | 0.009 |
| [0.005] | [0.005] | [0.003] | [0.009] | [0.009] | [0.007] | |
| IV Estimates | 0.042 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.053 | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| [0.027] | [0.025] | [0.018] | [0.053] | []0.052 | [0.040] | |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Demographics | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| State & urbanicity dummies | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y |
| Baseline BMI | N | N | Y | N | N | Y |
Notes: N=9,380
a
Competitive Food Outlet measure captures whether school has vending machines, school stores, canteens, snack bars, or a la carte lines through which competitive foods are sold. Robust standard errors clustered at school level are shown in brackets. Other covariates in the model include male, age (months), male*age, race/ethnicity, kindergarten BMI, mother’s education, income, private school dummy, categories for percent minority in school and school enrollment, and state and urbanicity dummies.
+
significant at 10%;
*
significant at 5%;
**
significant at 1%.