. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Brain Cogn. 2013 May 11;82(2):171–180. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.04.002

Table 3.

Cognitive performangce before and after practice.

Cognitive Domain	Young				Old
	Pretest		Posttest		Pretest		Posttest
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Working memory	0.50	0.69	1.78	0.81	−0.52	0.46	0.85	0.56
Episodic memory	0.48	0.88	1.75	1.31	−0.50	0.46	−0.06	0.82
Perceptual speed	0.54	0.65	2.11	0.53	−0.56	0.75	−0.10	0.82

Note: The measures are averages of z-standardized (using the Mean and SD of the total sample at pretest) individual measures of working memory (three tasks), episodic memory (three tasks), and perceptual speed (six tasks), respectively.