Figure 3.

Confocal images of the double-fluorescence immunohistochemical study of astrocytes with GS (green) (A, E, and I) and GFAP (red) (B, F, and J). In merged images (C, G, and K), the boxed region is shown at higher magnification in the next panel (D, H, L). Representative images from three cases are shown: one nondemented control subject (A–D) and two AD patients with 5 years (E–H) and 19 years (I–L) of clinical illness. Many astrocytes in nondemented subjects were positive only for GS (C and D), whereas astrocytes in AD patients exhibited an increased immunoreactivity for GFAP that was associated with the progression of the disease (G, H, K, and L). Disease-related cortical atrophy produced an increase in the density of astrocytes (eg, A versus I). Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C, E–G, and I–K); 20 μm (D, H, and L).