Table 1.

PHIT Partnership health information system innovations

Health Information System Domain	PHIT Partnership Country
	Ghana	Mozambique	Rwanda	Tanzania	Zambia
Summary	Register simplification.	Improving quality of MOH’s routine HIS.	EMR.	Community health information system.	EMR using mobile phone technology.
Integration with national HIS	Harmonizes data from routine MOH facility forms.	Focuses on national MOH information system (Módulo Básico).	Integrated into health information system, national roll-out ongoing.	Not currently integrated.	Not currently integrated.
Strategy for data quality improvement	Simplified data capture and streamlined reporting designed to lead to more time to focus on quality.	Ongoing feedback on missing data and outliers, and ongoing data quality assessments across facility, district and provincial levels.	Quarterly data quality audits and automated data quality report based on logic errors generated when administrative and clinical reports are developed.	Facility supervisors review community health agent reports and provide data feedback.	Standardized protocols for data capture with real-time query of data gaps; subsequent follow-up during monitoring visits.
Levels at which data are used	Community, health facility and district levels.	Health facility, district and provincial levels.	Community, health facility, district and national levels.	Community, health facility and district levels.	Community, health facility and district levels.
Data manipulation	Data are aggregated at sub-district, district, and regional levels, and reported to the national level.	Facility and district level graphs and tables routinely updated for Primary Health Care services.	Data are aggregated and summarized to provide summary indicators.	Data are summarized in tables and graphic forms to facilitate trend analysis.	Data are aggregated and summarized into reports and graphics for easy interpretation.
Linkage with decision making	Data used to identify priority areas, and guide planning and resource allocation.	Trend analysis at facility, district and provincial levels to identify priority problems, monitor implementation of modifications, and link with district activity plans and budgets.	Data used by clinicians to plan patient management, as well as district and health facility managers to identify service quality gaps.	Data used for community problem-solving and planning, and incorporated into facility and district planning.	Focus on data use by Community Health Workers to identify patients for follow-up, as well as clinicians and facility managers for performance assessment and improvement.
Sustainability plans	Routine use by MOH managers facilitates ownership and continuity.	Integration with current MOH HIS facilitates adoption and continued use of tools and approach.	The EMR has been incorporated into the national HIS.	Demonstrating feasibility and utility of approach expected to generate support for sustaining the approach.	Training all health workers in the intervention area and close relationship with district managers to build HIS ownership.