Table 3.
Incident Disorder | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRG vs. LFG/NG | ARPG vs. LFG/NG | LRG vs. LFG/NG | ARPG vs. LFG/NG | LRG vs. LFG/NG | ARPG vs. LFG/NG | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Any Axis 1 Disorder | 1.20 | 0.98-1.46 | 2.20 | 1.14-4.25 | 1.19 | 0.97-1.46 | 2.09 | 1.06-4.09 | 1.02 | 0.81-1.29 | 1.76 | 0.91-3.40 |
Any Mood Disordera | 0.98 | 0.74-1.28 | 1.35 | 0.67-2.71 | 1.03 | 0.77-1.37 | 1.29 | 0.62-2.69 | 0.97 | 0.72-1.31 | 1.21 | 0.58-2.54 |
Depression | 1.02 | 0.78-1.34 | 1.40 | 0.68-2.88 | 1.08 | 0.81-1.44 | 1.30 | 0.60-2.82 | 1.01 | 0.74-1.37 | 1.18 | 0.52-2.65 |
Dysthymia | 0.80 | 0.43-1.48 | 0.34 | 0.04-2.59 | 0.78 | 0.42-1.44 | 0.31 | 0.04-2.48 | 0.87 | 0.47-1.61 | 0.30 | 0.04-2.54 |
Mania | 1.50 | 0.84-2.69 | 3.43 | 1.28-9.19 | 1.34 | 0.71-2.54 | 2.61 | 0.80-8.58 | 1.30 | 0.69-2.46 | 2.20 | 0.65-7.47 |
Hypomania | 0.43 | 0.18-1.00 | 1.23 | 0.29-5.28 | 0.38 | 0.16-0.92 | 0.90 | 0.22-3.78 | 0.33 | 0.13-0.81 | 0.66 | 0.16-2.67 |
Any Anxiety Disorderb | 1.00 | 0.80-1.26 | 1.37 | 0.76-2.46 | 1.09 | 0.86-1.38 | 1.16 | 0.61-2.19 | 1.07 | 0.84-1.35 | 1.12 | 0.58-2.16 |
Panic disorder | 1.25 | 0.79-1.98 | 2.51 | 1.01-6.24 | 1.35 | 0.83-2.22 | 2.07 | 0.73-5.86 | 1.26 | 0.76-2.06 | 1.78 | 0.59-5.35 |
Agoraphobia | 2.25 | 0.50-10.14 | --d | -- | 1.59 | 0.37-6.75 | --d | -- | 0.98 | 0.28-3.45 | --d | -- |
Social Phobia | 0.80 | 0.43-1.48 | 1.45 | 0.43-4.82 | 0.73 | 0.39-1.36 | 0.97 | 0.30-3.08 | 0.73 | 0.40-1.35 | 0.86 | 0.25-2.94 |
Specific phobia | 1.15 | 0.89-1.48 | 0.65 | 0.28-1.52 | 1.22 | 0.93-1.60 | 0.56 | 0.24-1.34 | 1.23 | 0.93-1.62 | 0.54 | 0.23-1.30 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 1.00 | 0.69-1.45 | 2.56 | 1.32-4.96 | 1.20 | 0.82-1.76 | 2.56 | 1.27-5.16 | 1.19 | 0.82-1.75 | 2.51 | 1.24-5.06 |
Any Substance-Use Disorderc | 1.38 | 1.06-1.80 | 3.81 | 2.15-6.75 | 1.24 | 0.93-1.65 | 3.09 | 1.68-5.67 | 0.92 | 0.66-1.29 | 2.61 | 1.38-4.94 |
Alcohol abuse/dependence | 1.75 | 1.10-2.77 | 3.72 | 1.54-9.02 | 1.39 | 0.86-2.25 | 2.74 | 1.20-6.24 | 1.08 | 0.67-1.75 | 1.94 | 0.83-4.57 |
Nicotine dependence | 1.57 | 1.19-2.08 | 3.19 | 1.73-5.91 | 1.39 | 1.04-1.87 | 2.45 | 1.27-4.70 | 1.12 | 0.81-1.55 | 1.81 | 0.86-3.78 |
Drug abuse/dependence | 0.89 | 0.37-2.18 | --d | -- | 0.70 | 0.26-1.87 | --d | -- | 0.71 | 0.29-1.73 | --d | -- |
Model 1 was unadjusted for study covariates
Model 2 was adjusted for the following study covariates: gender, current age, race, education, marital status, employment status, and income. For all mood disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any substance-use disorder and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any anxiety disorder. For all anxiety disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder, and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any substance-use disorder. For all substance-use disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder, and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any anxiety disorder.
Model 3 included model-2 covariates as well as the following: stressful life events, tobacco use status, alcohol consumption status, drug use status, medical conditions, and the SF-12 physical functioning score.
Empty cell prevented estimate of OR
LFG/NG= Low-frequency gambling/Non-gambling; LRG= Low-risk gambling; ARPG=At-risk/problem gambling
OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval
Bold values indicate statistically significant results (p<.05)