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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Jan 16;47(4):534–541. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.013

Table 3.

Adjusted (Regression Model) Results Relating Problem-Gambling Severity to Incident Axis 1 Psychopathology Amongst Older Adults

Incident Disorder Model 1a Model 2b Model 3c
LRG vs. LFG/NG ARPG vs. LFG/NG LRG vs. LFG/NG ARPG vs. LFG/NG LRG vs. LFG/NG ARPG vs. LFG/NG
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Any Axis 1 Disorder 1.20 0.98-1.46 2.20 1.14-4.25 1.19 0.97-1.46 2.09 1.06-4.09 1.02 0.81-1.29 1.76 0.91-3.40
Any Mood Disordera 0.98 0.74-1.28 1.35 0.67-2.71 1.03 0.77-1.37 1.29 0.62-2.69 0.97 0.72-1.31 1.21 0.58-2.54
    Depression 1.02 0.78-1.34 1.40 0.68-2.88 1.08 0.81-1.44 1.30 0.60-2.82 1.01 0.74-1.37 1.18 0.52-2.65
    Dysthymia 0.80 0.43-1.48 0.34 0.04-2.59 0.78 0.42-1.44 0.31 0.04-2.48 0.87 0.47-1.61 0.30 0.04-2.54
    Mania 1.50 0.84-2.69 3.43 1.28-9.19 1.34 0.71-2.54 2.61 0.80-8.58 1.30 0.69-2.46 2.20 0.65-7.47
    Hypomania 0.43 0.18-1.00 1.23 0.29-5.28 0.38 0.16-0.92 0.90 0.22-3.78 0.33 0.13-0.81 0.66 0.16-2.67
Any Anxiety Disorderb 1.00 0.80-1.26 1.37 0.76-2.46 1.09 0.86-1.38 1.16 0.61-2.19 1.07 0.84-1.35 1.12 0.58-2.16
    Panic disorder 1.25 0.79-1.98 2.51 1.01-6.24 1.35 0.83-2.22 2.07 0.73-5.86 1.26 0.76-2.06 1.78 0.59-5.35
    Agoraphobia 2.25 0.50-10.14 --d -- 1.59 0.37-6.75 --d -- 0.98 0.28-3.45 --d --
    Social Phobia 0.80 0.43-1.48 1.45 0.43-4.82 0.73 0.39-1.36 0.97 0.30-3.08 0.73 0.40-1.35 0.86 0.25-2.94
    Specific phobia 1.15 0.89-1.48 0.65 0.28-1.52 1.22 0.93-1.60 0.56 0.24-1.34 1.23 0.93-1.62 0.54 0.23-1.30
    Generalized Anxiety Disorder 1.00 0.69-1.45 2.56 1.32-4.96 1.20 0.82-1.76 2.56 1.27-5.16 1.19 0.82-1.75 2.51 1.24-5.06
Any Substance-Use Disorderc 1.38 1.06-1.80 3.81 2.15-6.75 1.24 0.93-1.65 3.09 1.68-5.67 0.92 0.66-1.29 2.61 1.38-4.94
    Alcohol abuse/dependence 1.75 1.10-2.77 3.72 1.54-9.02 1.39 0.86-2.25 2.74 1.20-6.24 1.08 0.67-1.75 1.94 0.83-4.57
    Nicotine dependence 1.57 1.19-2.08 3.19 1.73-5.91 1.39 1.04-1.87 2.45 1.27-4.70 1.12 0.81-1.55 1.81 0.86-3.78
    Drug abuse/dependence 0.89 0.37-2.18 --d -- 0.70 0.26-1.87 --d -- 0.71 0.29-1.73 --d --
a

Model 1 was unadjusted for study covariates

b

Model 2 was adjusted for the following study covariates: gender, current age, race, education, marital status, employment status, and income. For all mood disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any substance-use disorder and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any anxiety disorder. For all anxiety disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder, and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any substance-use disorder. For all substance-use disorders, there was additional adjustment for wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any mood disorder, and wave 1 past-year diagnosis of any anxiety disorder.

c

Model 3 included model-2 covariates as well as the following: stressful life events, tobacco use status, alcohol consumption status, drug use status, medical conditions, and the SF-12 physical functioning score.

d

Empty cell prevented estimate of OR

LFG/NG= Low-frequency gambling/Non-gambling; LRG= Low-risk gambling; ARPG=At-risk/problem gambling

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval

Bold values indicate statistically significant results (p<.05)