Fig. 1.

Lymph node (LN) mapping in a bladder cancer patient without LN metastases identified by the fluorescence navigation system (Case #6, right side); A: Lymphatic vessels draining from the bladder and visualized by the fluorescence navigation (FN) system. The in vivo probing with the FN system showed a highly fluorescent lymphatic flow in the internal iliac region after direct injection of indocyanine green (ICG); B: Pattern diagram of lymphatic vessels visualized by the FN system; C: The highly fluorescent region was not evident in a fluorescence image taken after LN dissection; D: Naked-eye examination confirmed that there were no residual LNs; E: LNs stained with ICG were not evident to the naked eye; F: In ex vivo probing with the FN system, the fluorescence of the internal iliac and obturator LN was greater than that of the external iliac LN.