Fig. 2.

Pathological lymph node (LN) involvement in relation to the lymphatic pathway identified by the fluorescence navigation (FN) system (Case #4); A, B, C: Although pathological examination showed metastasis in the bilateral external iliac and left obturator LNs, there was no strong fluorescence in the regional LNs of the bladder either in vivo or ex vivo; D, E: Pathological examination revealed that urothelial carcinoma (grade 3) had diffusely invaded lymphatic vessels in the bladder; F, G: Urothelial carcinoma infiltrated the bilateral external and left obturator LNs.