TABLE 2.
Changes in PTSD Symptom Severity
| Author | Instrument/Dependent Variable | Symptom Severity
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Changes in Mean | P | ||
| Descilo et al.7 | PCL-17/PTSD Symptoms | 66.5 | 23.9 | -42.5 | <0.001 |
| Staples et al.8 | CPSS total | 30.0 (6.8) | 13.2 (7.3) | -16.8 | 0.0001 |
| CPSS subscales | |||||
| Reexperiencing | 8.3 (2.8) | 3.9 (2.7) | -4.4 | ||
| Avoidance | 12.3 (3.0) | 5.3 (3.4) | -7.0 | ||
| Arousal | 9.4 (2.6) | 3.9 (2.9) | -5.5 | ||
| Telles et al.26 | HRV | LF: 56.54 | LF: 55.76 | LF: -0.78 | > 0.05 |
| Vagal Activity | HF: 43.40 | HF: 44.19 | HF: -0.79 | ||
| LF/HF: 1.23 | LF/HF: 1.77 | LF/HF: -0.54 | |||
| pNN50: 13.33 | pNN50: 21.16 | pNN50: -7.83 | |||
| Stankovic L.27 | Weekly questionnaire | Difficulty distinguishing between simple and complex emotions (e.g., numbing) | Increased awareness and physical mobility | Subjective rating of symptom changes = 3.27 | |
| iRest worksheet | |||||
| Recorded in-class discussion | Reduced physical pain, anxiety, anger, and self-judgment | ||||
| Final questionnaire | |||||
| PTSD Symptoms | Long-term guilt, grief, and rage | Improved ability to relax | |||
| Lack of hope | |||||
| Watson et al.24 | PTSD-I/PTSD Symptoms | Rx: 95.4 | Rx: 95.0 | Rx: -0.4 | > 0.05 |
| RxBr:98.1 | RxBr:97.8 | RxBr:-0.3 | |||
| RxBrTb: 90.5 | RxBrTb: 89.4 | RxBrTb: -1.1 | |||
| Branstrom et al.25 | IES/PTSD Symptoms | IES-intrusion: 13.28 (7.07) | IES-intrusion: 11.81 (6.36) | IES-intrusion: -1.47 | >0.05 |
| IES-avoidance: 10.55 (6.79) | IES-avoidance: 7.88 (7.65) | IES-avoidance: -2.67 | |||
| IES-hyperarousal: 9.50 (5.51) | IES-hyperarousal: 7.22 (5.24) | IES- hyperarousal: -2.28 | |||
| Bormann et al.9 | PCL-C/PTSD Symptoms | 61.8 (11.50) | 55.5 (11.20) | -6.3 | 0.02 |
| Catani et al.10 | UPID/PTSD Symptoms | 36.58 (14.9) | 12.59 (11.06) | -23.99 | 0.0001 |
| Gordon et al.11 | PTSD-RI/PTSD Symptoms | Group I: 8.3 | Group I: 6.1 | -2.2 | < 0.001 |
| Group II: 10.8 | Group II: 5.8 | -5.0 | < 0.001 | ||
| Group III: 11.4 | Group III: 5.5 | -5.9 | < 0.001 | ||
| Gordon et al.12 | HTQ | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.3) | -0.5 | < 0.001 |
| % of subjects w/PTSD | |||||
| Reexperiencing | 100 | 47 | -53 (%) | 0.001 | |
| Avoidance/numbing | 100 | 24 | -76 (%) | < 0.001 | |
| Arousal | 100 | 68 | -32 (%) | 0.24 | |
| Grodin et al.13 | Qualitative Interview | Sleep problems | Decrease in: | ||
| Nightmares | Reexperiencing | ||||
| Flashbacks | Physical pain | ||||
| Decreased energy | Anxiety and stress | ||||
| Helplessness | Increase in: | ||||
| Hypervigilance | Equanimity | ||||
| Anxiety | Soothing effect | ||||
| Waelde et al.14 | PCL-S Total | 36.60 (9.97) | 30.57 (9.75) | -6.03 | < 0.01 |
| PCL-S subscales | |||||
| Reexperiencing | 8.79 (2.99) | 7.33 (2.53) | -1.46 | < 0.05 | |
| Avoidance | 14.99 (5.59) | 13.40 (4.21) | -1.59 | > 0.05 | |
| Hyperarousal | 12.74 (4.54) | 9.80 (3.84) | -2.94 | < 0.01 | |
| Brooks and Scarano28 | Post-Vietnam Stress Disorder | 9.70 (2.98) | 5.80 (4.26) | -3.90 | < 0.05 |
| Kimbrough et al.15 | PCL/PTSD Symptoms | 46.8 (2.7) | 32.3 (1.9) | -14.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Reexperiencing | 13.1 (1.0) | 10.0 (0.8) | -3.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Avoidance/numbing | 19.4 (1.0) | 13.0 (0.7) | -6.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Hyperarousal | 14.3 (1.0) | 9.5 (0.6) | -4.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Rosenthal et al.16 | CAPS/PTSD Symptoms | 71 | 39.6 | -31.4 | 0.02 |
| PCL-M | 57.8 | 33.8 | -24.0 | < 0.02 | |
| Kearney et al.17 | PCL-C total | 52.4 (16.3) | 41.9 (16.8) | -10.5 | < 0.001 |
| PCL-C subscales | |||||
| Reexperiencing | 14.2 (5.8) | 11.0 (5.3) | -3.2 | < 0.001 | |
| Avoidance | 5.7 (2.6) | 4.8 (2.5) | -0.9 | 0.003 | |
| Numbing | 15.7 (5.6) | 12.6 (5.5) | -3.1 | < 0.001 | |
| Hyperarousal | 16.9 (5.2) | 13.4 (5.3) | -3.5 | < 0.001 | |
Data are shown as mean (SD).
Abbreviations: PCL-17, PTSD Checklist; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; CPSS, Child PTSD Symptom Scale; HRV, Heart Rate Variability; LF, Low Frequency; HF, High Frequency; pNN50, the percentage of successive normal cardiac interbeat intervals greater than 50 msec; PTSD-I, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Interview; Rx, Relaxation; RxBr, Relaxation plus Breathing; RxBrTb, Relaxation plus Breathing and Thermal Biofeedback; IES, Impact of Event Scale; UPID, UCLA PTSD Index for DSM-IV; PTSD-RI, PTSD Reaction Index; HTQ, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; Re, Reexperiencing; AN, Avoidance and Numbing; Ar, Arousal; PCL-S, PTSD Checklist-Specific Version; CAPS, the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; PCL-M, PTSD Checklist-Military Version; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version.