Table 1.
Pathogen | Clinical manifestation | Transfusion screening/testing method in use (limited use) | Blood donor seroprevalence from published studies | Estimated risk |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viruses | ||||
HIV | AIDS | Serology anti-HIV (EIA, CLIA, and rapid serological testing) (NAT) | Burkina Faso (2.0%–4.5%) [33] | 1 per 1000 U transfused [20],† |
Cameroon (2.9%) [14] | ||||
DRC (2.2–4.6% *) [74] | ||||
Egypt (0.0%) [75] | ||||
Ethiopia (3.8%) [76] | ||||
Ghana (1.03%–1.1%) [7] | ||||
Ivory Coast (3.48%) [14] | ||||
Mali (2.6%) [77] | ||||
Mozambique (12.3%–15.4%) * [32] | ||||
Namibia (0.20%) ‡ | ||||
Niger (1.4%) [14] | ||||
Nigeria (2.7%–3.2%) [28,78,79] | ||||
Rwanda (1.0%) [14] | ||||
South Africa (0.1%) [28] | ||||
Tanzania (3.8%) [80] | ||||
Zimbabwe (0.18%–1.61%) [74] | ||||
HBV | Viral hepatitis Hepatocelullar carcinoma | Serology anti-HBsAg (EIA and CLIA) (NAT) | Burkina Faso (11.0%–18.0%) [33] | 1 per 222 U (4.5/1000) [20],† |
Cameroon (10.3%) [14] | ||||
DRC (3%–4.9% *) [74] | ||||
Egypt (4.7%) [75] | ||||
Ethiopia (4.7%) [76] | ||||
Ghana (13.8%–14.9%) [7] | ||||
Ivory Coast (5.85%) [14] | ||||
Mali (13.9%) [77] | ||||
Mozambique (4.5%–10.6% *) [32] | ||||
Namibia (0.39%) ‡ | ||||
Niger (18.96%) [14] | ||||
Nigeria (2.7–3.2%) [78,79] | ||||
Rwanda (2.76%) [14] | ||||
South Africa (0.07%) [28] | ||||
Sudan (6.25%) [81] | ||||
Tanzania (8.8%) [80] | ||||
HCV | Viral hepatitis Hepatocellular carcinoma | Serology anti-HCV (EIA and CLIA) (NAT) | Nigeria (2.7%–3.2%) [78,79] | 1 per 400 U (2.5 per 1000) [20],† |
Burkina Faso (3.2%) [14] | ||||
Egypt (2.7%–24.8%) [75,82,83] | ||||
Cameroon (3.9%) [14] | ||||
Ethiopia (0.7%) [76] | ||||
Ivory Coast (6.98%) [14] | ||||
Mali (3.25%) [14] | ||||
Mozambique (1.0%–1.2% *) [32] | ||||
Namibia (0.00%) ‡ | ||||
Niger (1.42%) [14] | ||||
Nigeria (4.3%) [78] | ||||
Rwanda (3.13%) [14] | ||||
Senegal (1.4%) [84] | ||||
South Africa (0.005%) [28] | ||||
Sudan (0.65%) [81] | ||||
Tanzania (1.5%) [80] | ||||
Mali (3.3%) [77] | ||||
WNV | Meningoencephalitis | – | 0.27–1500 per 100 000 donations [17] § | |
CHIKV | Febrile-arthralgia Syndrome | – | ||
Tick-borne encephalitis | Meningoencephalitis | – | ||
HGV | Unknown | – | Egypt (12.2%) [85] | |
TTV | Unknown | – | Egypt (48.4%) [83] | |
EBV | Infectious mononucleosis Burkitt lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
– | Ghana (20.0%) [86] | |
CMV | Infectious mononucleosis Disseminated infection in immunocompromised and neonates |
Ghana (77.6%) [86] | ||
Tunisia (97.14%) [87] | ||||
Dengue | Dengue Dengue shock syndrome Dengue hemorragic fever |
– | Burkina Faso (30.4%–34.8%) [33] | |
HHV8 | Kaposi sarcoma Mulicentric Castleman disease Primary effusion lymphoma |
– | Ghana (23.7%) [86] | |
Central African Republic (22.5%) [40] | ||||
Burkina Faso (11.2%–16.0%) [33] | ||||
Tanzania (48.0%) [88] | ||||
HTLV-1/2 | Adult T-cell Lymphoma/leukemia Topical spastic Paraparesis/HAM |
(Serology anti-HTLV-1/2) (testing limited to Gabon and Seychelles [2] | Mozambique (0.89%–1.2% *) [36,78] | |
Senegal (0.16%) [35] | ||||
Tunisia (0.0%) [34] | ||||
Burkina Faso (0.0%–2%) [33] |
Abbreviations: (−) or blank, not currently performed or unknown; Anti-HBsAg, anti–hepatitis B surface antigen; WNV, West Nile virus; HGV, hepatitis G virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus.
Replacement donors.
Estimated from mathematical modeling for all of sub-Saharan Africa.
Unpublished correspondence from NAMBTS.
During outbreak in Reunion 2005 to 2007.