Organization of toxin (cpe, etx, and cpb) loci in type A, B, C, D, and E strains of C. perfringens. (A) Organization of plasmid-borne cpe loci in type A, E, C, and D strains. (B) Organization of the type A chromosome cep locus. (C) Organization of plasmid-borne etx loci in type B and D strains. (D) Organization of plasmid-borne cpb loci in type B and C isolates. Each arrow represents an ORF. Asterisks indicate a region with similarity to sequences present downstream of the cpe gene in F4969, except for the absence of an IS1470-like gene. (Panels A and B adapted from reference 26; panel C adapted from reference 14; panel D adapted from references 16 and 17.)