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. 2013 May 20;7:419–434. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S44646

Table 2.

Summary of included studies for a dosage frequency comparison in medication treatments for chronic diseases

Disease sub-type Study Intervention Number of patients Mean duration (range) of follow-up in weeks Study country(ies) Outcome assessed
Hypertension Cells43 Isradipine RF: BID 12 9.4 NR Compliance
Isradipine MR: OD 12
Baird29 Betaioc® Durules®: OD 193 NR Canada and UK Compliance
Betaloc®: BID 196
Maro34 Antihypertensive: OD 61 156 Tanzania Compliance*
Antihypertensive: BID 34
Antihypertensive: TID 51
Turki40 Antihypertensive: OD 209 NR Malaysia Adherence*
Antihypertensive: BID 148
Antihypertensive: ≥TID 23
Girvin44 Enalapril: OD 25 16 Ireland Compliance
Enalapril: BID 25
Andrejak30 Trandolapril: OD 71 26 France Compliance*
Captopril: BID 62
Boissel45 Nicardipine: TID 3636 12 France Compliance
Nicardipine SR: BID 3638
Angina pectoris Brown46,† ISMN: OD NR NR UK Cost (total, direct, and indirect)
ISMN: BID NR
Kardas47 Betaxolol: OD 56 10 Poland Compliance*
Metoprolol tartrate: BID 56
Cardiovascular disorders Bae49 Cardiovascular regimen: BID 1,077,936 NR NR Adherence*
Cardiovascular regimen: OD
Atrial fibrillation Song10 Carvedolol: OD 28,384 NR NR Persistence*
Carvedolol: BID
Amlodipine: OD
Captopril: TID
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) Hess37 Carvedilol at 6 months: OD 168 52 NR Persistency,
Carvedilol at 6 months: BID 2086 MPR, compliance
Metformin at 6 months: OD 136
Metformin at 6 months: BID 614
Carvedilol at 12 months: OD 168
Carvedilol at 12 months: BID 2086
Metformin at 12 months: OD 136
Metformin at 12 months: BID 614
Heart transplant Doesch48 Tacrolimus/Cyclosporin A: BID 50 4 NR Adherence*
Tacrolimus: OD 50
Depression McLaughlin36 Bupropion: OD 756 NR USA Persistence*
Bupropion: BID 2382
Granger39 Bupropion: OD 142 NR NR Adherence*
Bupropion: BID 349
Stang6 Bupropion: TID 31
Bupropion SR: BID 12,468 NR USA Persistence*, adherence,
Stang50 Bupropion XL: OD 257,049 MPR
Bupropion SR: BID 1917 39 USA Persistence*, MPR
Bupropion XL: OD 1074
Schizophrenia Pfeiffer52 Antipsychotic medication: OD 1381 NR USA Adherence*
Antipsychotic medication: 258
Multiple daily dosing
Epilepsy Cramer51 Antiepileptics: OD regimen 3 14 NR Compliance*
Antiepileptics: BID regimen 12
Antiepileptics: TID regimen 7
Antiepileptics: QID regimen 4
Pain Carlos54,† Duloxetine: OD NR 13 Mexico Cost-effectiveness*
Gabapentin: TID NR
Pregabalin: BID NR
Migraine Mulleners53 Propranolol: OD 11 NR UK Compliance
Atenolol: BID 11
Pizotifen or methysergide: TID 7
Type 2 Diabetes Winkler27 Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by pill count > 90% 11 7.7 Germany Adherence*
Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by MEMS (dosage) > 90% 11
Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by MEMS (regimen) > 90% 11
Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by pill count 90%–110% 11
Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by MEMS (dosage) 90%–110% 11
Sulfonylureas OD: adherence by MEMS (regimen) 90%–110% 11
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by pill count > 90% 8
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by MEMS (dosage) > 90% 8
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by MEMS (regimen) > 90% 8
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by pill count 90%–110% 8
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by MEMS (dosage) 90%–110% 8
Sulfonylureas BID/TID: adherence by MEMS (regimen) 90%–110% 8
Dezii7 Glipizide GITS: OD 746 51.3 NR Adherence index*, persistence*
Glipizide: BID 246
Kardas55 Gliclazide MR: OD 55 16 Poland Compliance*
Glibenclamide: BID 50
Pullar33 Phenobarbital: BID 59 4 England Compliance*, inadequate compliance, safety
Phenobarbital: BID 60
Phenobarbital: TID 60
Charpentier56 Glimepiride: OD 100 26 (10-week dose titration and 16-week maintenance period) France Compliance*
Glibenclamide: BID/TID 101
HIV/AIDS Carrieri8 HAART: OD 1110 260 France Non-adherence*
HAART: BID
HAART: ≥TID
Negredo25 HAART: OD 85 48 NR Adherence
HAART: BID 84
Stone57 ART: ≤2 doses daily (self-reported) 170 NR USA Adherence
ART: ≥3 doses daily (self reported) 119
ART: ≤2 doses daily (correct) 141
ART: ≥3 doses daily (correct) 148
AbelIan58 Ritonavir: BID 45 NR Spain Adherence*
Indinavir: TID 70
Saquinavir: TID 49
Echarri Martinez35 HAART: OD 75 26 Spain Adherence*
HAART: BID 217
HAART: TID 6
Moyle38 ART: OD 15 NR France, Germany, Italy, Spain,, UK Adherence*
ART: BID 255
ART: TID 109
ART: >TID 58
Respiratorytract infections (RTI) Kardas31 Respiratory tract infection therapy: OD 250 0.9 Poland Compliance*
Respiratory tract infection therapy: BID 251
Kardas32 Clarithromycin: OD 60 Poland Compliance*
Clarithromycin: BID 62
Community-acquired pneumonia/acute bronchitis Spiritus59,† Clarithromycin: BID 311 2 USA Health care resource utilization*
Erythromycin stearate: QID 321
Cefaclor: TID 302
Streptococcal pharyngitis Raz60 Penicillin V: BID 51 4 NR Compliance
Penicillin V: QID 53
Renal transplantation Abecassis61,† Tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil: OD NR NR USA Economic outcomes (patient treatment cost)*
Tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil: BID NR
Sidhu9,† Tacrolimus: OD NR NR UK Economic outcomes
Tacrolimus: BID NR
Liver transplant Eberlin62 Tacrolimus OD: post transplantation duration > 6 months to <2 years 16 52 NR Compliance*
Tacrolimus OD: post transplantation duration > 2 to <5 years 22
Tacrolimus OD: post transplantation duration > 5 years 21
Tacrolimus BID: post transplantation duration > 6 months to <2 years 15
Tacrolimus BID: post transplantation duration > 2 to <5 years 23
Tacrolimus BID: post transplantation duration > 5 years 22
Ulcerative colitis Hawthorne28 Asacol®: OD 103 52 UK Adherence
Asacol®: TID 110
Lachaine63 Mesalamine at 13 weeks: OD 12 52 Canada Adherence*, persistence*, compliance
Mesalamine at 13 weeks: >OD 10
Mesalamine at 26 weeks: OD 12
Mesalamine at 26 weeks: >OD 10
Kane26 Mesalamine: OD 12 26 USA Adherence, medication consumption rates
Mesalamine: >OD 10
Connolly64,† Mesalazine: OD NR NR UK Cost (total and direct), ICER, QALY
Mesalazine: BID NR

Notes:

*

Primary outcome;

†

economic study.

Abbreviations: ART, anti-retroviral therapy; BID, twice daily; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS, human imunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ICER, incremental cost effectiveness ratio; ISMN, isosorbide mononitrate nitroglycerin; MEMS, medication event monitoring system; MPR, medication possession ratio; NR, not reported; OD, once daily; QID, four-times daily; SR, sustained release; TID, three times daily; QALY, quality-adjusted life year; XL, extended release.