Figure 1. Co-culture of Ruminococcus bromii L2–63 (Rb) with the non-amylolytic bacterium Anaerostipes hadrus SS2/1 (Ah). (A) shows total sugar utilization and reducing sugar accumulation (as glucose equivalents) within cultures after 48 h incubation at 37°C (compared with zero time controls). (B) shows bacterial growth estimated by qPCR and expressed as doublings in 48h (log₂ n_t48/n_t0, where n is the estimated number of rRNA gene copies). Data are means of triplicate cultures. Incubation was in anaerobic medium containing 0.2% boiled RS3. The medium is the same as the modified YCFA medium described in Ze et al., (2012)¹ except that it contains 1% (instead of 0.25%) casitone and 0.25% (instead of 0.1%) yeast extract, additional filter-sterilized vitamins¹¹ and a trace element solution.²⁸ The primers used for qPCR detection here and in Figure 2 were described previously.^3,4