Table 1. Association of host cell autophagic processes with different pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria	Mechanism	Refs.
Autophagic machinery restricting bacterial growth
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Autophagy mediates the maturation of mycobacterial phagosomes to phagolysosomes where bacteria were degraded	68, 110
Mycobacterium marinum	Ubiquitinated bacteria were targeted by autophagy in a double-membrane autophagosome-like vacuole in an ATG5-independent manner	111
Group A Streptococci Streptococcus pyogenes	Cytosolic bacteria were compartmentalized within autophagosome-like vacuoles and were subsequently degraded within autolysosomes	112
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	Salmonella-containing vacuoles were targeted to autophagosomes in an ATG5-dependent manner	69
Bacteria evading targeting by autophagic processes
Shigella flexneri	Binding of the secreted bacterial effector IcsB with IcsA prevents binding of ATG5 to IcsA, thereby preventing autophagic capture of the bacteria	70
Burkholderia pseudomallei	Bacteria that escape from LAP (LC3-associated phagocytosis) were not subject to canonical autophagy	65
Listeria monocytogenes	Binding of bacterial protein InlK to the host major vault protein (MVP) complex helps bacteria hide themselves from autophagic recognition	71
Bacteria exploiting autophagy components for replication
Brucella abortus	Selective subversion of the autophagy-initiation step but not the elongation and maturation step permits bacterial multiplication in bacteria-induced vacuoles	113
Coxiella burnetii	Exploitation of autophagy by bacteria accelerate the formation of parasitophorus vacuoles essential for bacterial replication	114
Legionella pneumophila	Delaying autophagy maturation that helps convert bacteria to an acid-tolerant form capable of replicating inside the resulting autolysosome	115
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	Inhibition of autophagy maturation to replicate inside the autophagosome	116
Staphylococcus aureus	Replication inside autophagosomes in an agr (a virulence factor)-dependent manner	72
Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Multiplication inside autophagosomes via use of bacterial T4SS	73