Table 2. Host and bacterial factors involved in H. pylori- associated autophagic processes and the intracellular survival of H. pylori.
| Factor | Association with host autophagic processes (A) and/or bacterial survival (S) | Cell line used | Role in intracellular survival and/or autophagic processes | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bacterial virulence factors | ||||
| CagA |
S |
THP-1 |
Increased efficiency of internalization and intracellular survival |
6 |
| A |
AGS |
Induction of autophagy is independent of CagA |
9 |
|
| S |
BMDCs and AGS |
Enhancement of intracellular survival |
8, 10 |
|
| CagE |
A |
AGS |
Induction of autophagy is independent of CagE |
9 |
| VacA |
S |
THP-1 |
Increased efficiency of internalization and intracellular survival |
6 |
| A |
AGS |
Induction of autophagy is mediated by the VacA toxin, particularly by its channel- forming activity |
9 |
|
| S |
AGS |
Reduced efficiency of invasion/internalization |
10 |
|
| S |
BMDCs |
Prolonged intracellular survival |
8 |
|
| S, A |
AGS |
Prolonged exposure to VacA disrupts autophagy and promotes infection; presence of Crohn disease risk allele ATG16L1300A reduced extent of VacA-induced autophagy |
74 |
|
| A |
AZ-521 |
Induction of autophagy via an LRP1(VacA receptor)-dependent manner |
75 |
|
| BabA |
S |
AGS |
Enhancement of intracellular survival |
10 |
| Urease |
A |
AGS |
Induction of autophagy is independent of urease |
9 |
|
Host determinants | ||||
| ATG5 |
A |
AGS |
Facilitation of the induction of autophagy |
9 |
| S |
AGS |
Decreased intracellular survival of VacA+H. pylori |
74 |
|
| ATG12 |
A |
AGS |
Facilitation of the induction of autophagy |
9, 11, 74 |
| ATG16L1 |
S |
AGS |
Crohn disease risk allele ATG16L1300A-mediated intracellular survival of H. pylori |
74 |
| BECN1 |
A |
AGS |
Enhancement of the induction of autophagy |
11 |
| A |
AZ-521 |
Induction of VacA-induced autophagy is independent of BECN1 |
75 |
|
|
MIR30B |
A |
AGS |
Impairment of autophagy through downregulating ATG12 and BECN1 |
11 |
| LRP1 |
A |
AZ-521 |
Induction of autophagy via binding with VacA |
75 |
| PtdIns3K | S |
THP-1 |
Inhibition of bacterial multiplication |
6 |
| S |
RAW264.7 |
No effect on the bacterial multiplication |
6 |
|
| S |
THP-1 |
Inhibition of bacterial multiplication |
10 |
|
| S | AZ-521 | Induction of autophagy is independent of PtdIns3K | 75 | |